Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management. Scopus (Q4)
Predicting soybean seed longevity under ambient storage through multivariate viability and vigor analysis
Abstract. Zalama MT, Leilah AAA. 2025. Predicting soybean seed longevity under ambient storage through multivariate viability and vigor analysis. Asian J Agric 9: 702-711. The current study examined the longevity of the soybean seed cultivar (Giza 111) under ambient storage conditions in Dakahlia, Egypt, from July 2023 to June 2024. Three lots of seed from different sources were observed for up to 360 days to predict seed longevity and to determine storage parameters for warehouse management. Initial seed quality was estimated, then a simplified viability equation, v = Ki - (1/?) P, was applied to predict seed longevity during the storage period. Significant differences were noticed among seed lots. Seed lot 01 (Legumes Department, FCRI, ARC) exhibited the best seed viability, with the highest storage index (? = 120 days), longest half-viability period (P50 = 151 days), and slowest deterioration rate (tg? = -0.0008), indicating superior vigor during storage. In contrast, seed lots 02 and 03, obtained from the private sector, showed reduced viability, with Lot 03 exhibiting the lowest (? = 90 days, tg? = -0.011, P50 = 79 days). Linear regression showed seed viability decline rates differed: Lot 01 (slowest, -2.50), Lot 02 (moderate, -2.73), and Lot 03 (fastest, -3.34), confirming relative deterioration speeds. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between probit viability and seed vigor indices, including germination (r = 0.946), accelerated aging (r = 0.945), seedling dry weight (r = 0.925), and vigor index II (r = 0.935). Quantitative data further supported the correlation between probit viability and vigor parameters. This study demonstrated that a simplified viability equation effectively predicted the longevity and vigor of soybean seeds from different sources stored under ambient conditions in Dakahlia, Egypt. Significant differences in viability and deterioration rates among seed lots underscore the equation's value for practical seed storage monitoring, improved ambient storage management, and enhanced seed inventory control and quality preservation through accurate performance prediction.
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Effect of organic manure on growth and yield of dwarf late napiergrass on rocky marginal land
Abstract. Wadi A, Akhsan F, Basri. 2025. Effect of organic manure on growth and yield of dwarf late napiergrass on rocky marginal land. Asian J Agric 9: 727-738. The use of organic manure is a sustainable strategy to improve forage production on low-fertility soils. This study evaluated the effect of different manure application levels on the growth and yield of Dwarf Late napiergrass (DL Napiergrass) cultivated on marginal land under a cut-and-carry system. The field experiment was conducted over two years in Galung Village, Barru District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with four manure treatments: control (0.00), low (1.38), medium (2.88), and high (4.67 g N m-² per application), replicated three times. Manure was applied five times annually, and growth parameters, dry matter yield, nutrient content, and soil characteristics were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT), while regression analysis assessed the relationship between Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Crop Growth Rate (CGR). Results showed that manure application significantly (P<0.05) enhanced plant height, tiller number, dry matter yield, and nutrient uptake compared with the control. The highest biomass production was obtained with high-level manure, yielding 33.98 tons/ha/year in the first year and 21.84 tons/ha/year in the second. Soil pH, nitrogen, and phosphorus also improved under manure treatments. LAI and CGR were strongly correlated, while the leaf blade-to-stem ratio remained unchanged. In conclusion, applying 4.67 g N m-² of organic manure per cycle is recommended to optimize DL Napiergrass productivity and soil fertility on marginal land, contributing to sustainable livestock feed production.
Food security and resilience of smallholder nature-positive farmers in Quezon, Philippines
Abstract. Landicho LD, Abadillos MAG. 2025. Food security and resilience of smallholder nature-positive farmers in Quezon, Philippines. Asian J Agric 9: 712-726. The agriculture sector, particularly smallholder farmers, is highly vulnerable to climate and non-climate shocks, including extreme weather events, pest and disease outbreaks, and market price fluctuations. Promoting nature-positive food production, defined as the regenerative, non-depleting, and non-destructive use of natural resources, offers an important strategy to strengthen resilience and food security in farming communities. Agroforestry and organic agriculture are two farming systems that embody nature-positive principles by enhancing soil health, diversifying farm outputs, and minimizing dependence on synthetic inputs. Therefore, this study aims to assess the food security and resilience levels of smallholder farmers engaged in organic farming and agroforestry in Sariaya, Quezon, Philippines. This study assessed the food security and resilience of 159 agroforestry and 30 organic farmers in Sariaya, Quezon, Philippines, using household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Results showed that agroforestry and organic farmers achieved moderate to high levels of food security, with mean scores of 6.98 and 7.34, respectively, across the four dimensions of food availability, accessibility, stability, and utilization. However, financial and social capital remain the weakest links, limiting the overall resilience of smallholder systems. The study underscores that nature-positive approaches enhance both ecological integrity and household resilience. Strengthening institutional support, value-chain participation, and adaptive capacity can further sustain food systems under climate and economic stress.
Forage grass management using treated cassava wastewater in Kalasin, Thailand
Abstract. Chinnabutr K, Poungchompu S. 2025. Forage grass management using treated cassava wastewater in Kalasin, Thailand. Asian J Agric 9: 645-652. At present, both small and large-scale farmers have been widely using forage grass production for animal feed, which can effectively reduce the cost of animal production and improve feed availability throughout the year. This study evaluates the economic benefits of using treated cassava wastewater for forage grass production in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Surveys were conducted during the 2021-2022 crop season with 90 farmers, including 50 users with treated wastewater and 40 farmers dependent on other water sources. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent t-test. The results showed that farmers using treated wastewater obtained higher yields (36,253.882 kg/ha) and lower production costs (578.352 US$/ha) compared with non-users (25,035.751 kg/ha; 731.244 US$/ha). Net returns were also significantly higher among users (1,089.327 US$/ha or 0.030 US$/kg) than non-users (470.472 US$/ha or 0.019 US$/kg). Statistical analysis showed that yield (t = 3.19, p<0.05), cost (t = 1.79, p<0.01), and profit (t = 4.29, p<0.01) had significant differences. In addition, treatment was found to reduce fertilizer costs for farmers using wastewater by 150.50 US$/ha and enable them to sustain pastures into the dry season. This result clearly indicates that wastewater reuse is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. This not only minimizes input costs and increases profitability, but also serves as a nature-based solution in support of year-round forage production in sustainable cassava-based farming systems.
Comparison of starch-based liquid sugar production from local cassava
Abstract. Dewi SS, Supangkat G, Hastomo T. 2025. Comparison of starch-based liquid sugar production from local cassava. Asian J Agric 9: 683-688. Indonesia's rising sugar demand and dependence on imports have sparked interest in alternative sweeteners sourced from local crops. The country currently imports a significant portion of its sugar, leading to concerns about food security and economic stability. Cassava (Manihot esculenta), widely cultivated across the country, offers a promising raw material for liquid sugar production due to its high starch content and accessibility. This study evaluates the suitability of three cassava varieties; Cartiva 25, Melati, and Randu for liquid sugar production using enzymatic hydrolysis. The process involved liquefaction with ?-amylase followed by saccharification with glucoamylase. Carbohydrate content in the resulting liquid sugar ranged from 76.15 to 80.39%, with Randu and Melati outperforming Cartiva 25. Reducing sugar levels was highest in Randu (65.10%), indicating more efficient starch conversion. Sensory analysis revealed that Randu produced the sweetest and lightest-colored liquid sugar. However, none of the samples met Indonesian National Standards for colorlessness and odorlessness due to the absence of purification steps. While starch yield did not differ significantly among varieties, biochemical and sensory profiles suggest that varietal selection plays a critical role in optimizing sugar output and product quality. Randu and Melati varieties demonstrated superior performance and are recommended for industrial-scale processing. To meet national standards and enhance market viability, future production should incorporate purification techniques such as decolorization and deodorization. These findings offer practical guidance for processors and farmers, highlighting cassava's potential to reduce reliance on imported sugar and support sustainable agriculture. Promoting high-performing varieties like Randu and Melati could strengthen local supply chains and contribute to Indonesia's food system resilience.
First global report of multiple herbicide resistance in Eleusine indica biotypes from Indonesia
Abstract. Budiawan A, Kurniaide D, Umiyati U, Widianto R. 2025. First global report of multiple herbicide resistance in Eleusine indica biotypes from Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 629-635. Eleusine indica (goosegrass) is a major weed in maize cultivation and has evolved resistance to several herbicides worldwide. However, resistance to atrazine (a photosystem II inhibitor) and mesotrione (a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor) has not previously been reported. This study aimed to verify farmer observations of reduced herbicide efficacy by screening 49 E. indica biotypes collected from six maize-producing provinces in Indonesia. A resistant biotype of the test sample was collected from maize fields following farmers' reports of lower efficacy of these herbicides. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using atrazine (1,200 g a.i. ha-1) and mesotrione (150 g a.i. ha-1) at the 2-3 leaf stage. Resistance was classified based on plant survival three weeks after herbicide application. Screening results indicated the presence of 30 E. indica biotypes exhibiting resistance to atrazine, 13 of which demonstrated signs of developing resistance, and 6 were susceptible. For mesotrione, 4 biotypes were resistant, 2 were showing signs of resistance, and 43 were susceptible. A total of 4 biotypes originating from South Sulawesi exhibited resistance to atrazine and mesotrione in a multiple-resistant pattern. Notably, 4 biotypes from South Sulawesi exhibited multiple resistance to both herbicides. This study represents the first global report of E. indica multiple resistant to atrazine and mesotrione, particularly in Indonesia. The declining effectiveness of these key herbicides highlights the urgent need for Integrated Weed Management (IWM) strategies that combine chemical rotation, mixtures with complementary modes of action, and non-chemical practices to mitigate the further spread of resistance.
Sequence-based characterization of Escherichia coli in fresh produce and environmental samples in selected urban farms in Metro Manila, Philippines
Abstract. Vital PG, Sabio MCJF, Sena DC. 2025. Sequence-based characterization of Escherichia coli in fresh produce and environmental samples in selected urban farms in Metro Manila, Philippines. Asian J Agric 9: 582-589. The prevalence of Escherichia coli is well-documented in the Philippines, and this commonly food- and water-borne pathogen poses a public health risk. Serotyping is being done to determine the pathogenicity or clinical relevance of an isolate. With whole genome sequence (WGS) data becoming more available and the development of user-friendly online platforms for processing such data becoming more popular, an accurate strain identification can be made. The current study used web-based methods for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and serotyping based on O and H antigens to characterize 30 E. coli isolates from a total of 117 samples collected from selected urban farms in the Philippines. Thirty-two out of 117 samples were confirmed to harbor thermotolerant E. coli. Sequence type 155 (ST 155), which is documented to be associated with zoonotic infections and antibiotic resistance, was observed among the isolates along with 25 other sequence types of E. coli. Several non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes were detected, including O115:H11, O75:H10, O9a:H4, O148:H8, and O18ac:H21. Rare serotypes and incomplete serotypes (H-types only) were also detected. Our study highlights the utility of whole genome sequence-based strain characterization. The results of this study can be used for understanding contamination dynamics in the food chain and aiding agricultural food safety and outbreak investigations.
Effect of fermented gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaves on broiler performance and blood lipids
Abstract. Widjastuti T, Faadhilah A, Adriani L. 2025. Effect of fermented gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaves on broiler performance and blood lipids. Asian J Agric 9: 615-622. Increasing broiler chicken productivity must be supported by proper management during rearing. Efforts to maintain production efficiency with potential alternatives to replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) include gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir). Fermented gambir leaves aim to improve performance and reduce blood lipid levels in broiler chickens, serving as an alternative ingredient to replace antibiotic growth promoters. The leaves are fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum at 1.5% and Rhizopus oligosporus at 1%. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replicates. R0: 100% basal diet; R1: 100% basal diet + 0.5% fermented gambir leaf product; R2: 100% basal diet + 1% gambir leaf fermentation product; R3: 100% basal diet + 1.5% fermented gambir leaf product; R4: 100% basal diet + 2% gambir leaf fermentation product. Parameters measured included performance, blood, and meat lipid levels. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments R1-R4 compared to R0, indicating increased body weight gain (R1=2393 g) and decreased cholesterol (R1=115 mg/dL), triglyceride (R1 = 49 mg/dL), and fat levels in blood and meat. Based on these findings, adding 1% fermented gambir leaves to the basal diet can improve broiler performance while reducing lipid content in blood plasma and meat. Using 0.5% to 1% gambir leaf fermentation in feed is recommended as a feed additive to replace AGP.
Effects of nutrient solution and substrate on Limnocharis flava performance in hydroponic systems
Abstract. Sesanti RN, Purwanto E, Samanhudi, Sudadi. 2025. Effects of nutrient solution and substrate on Limnocharis flava performance in hydroponic systems. Asian J Agric 9: 590-597. Limnocharis flava is a promising aquatic vegetable for substrate-based hydroponic cultivation. However, the optimal combination of nutrient concentrations and substrate types to maximize growth under hydroponic conditions remains unclear. This study evaluated five nutrient solution concentrations (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m-¹) and three substrate types (volcanic sand, rice husk charcoal, and a 1:1 mixture) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Nutrient concentrations of 0.8 and 1.6 dS m-¹ produced the highest plant height (28.48 cm and 28.20 cm), number of leaves (11.31 and 11.03), shoot dry weight (4.61 g and 4.74 g), root fresh weight (13.20 g and 12.43 g), and root dry weight (0.76 g and 0.74 g). Both lower and higher concentrations inhibited growth, indicating optimal thresholds for nutrient uptake. Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were similar across the 0.8-3.2 dS m-¹ range, but consistently higher than the control. The leaf greenness index showed a significant interaction between nutrient concentration and substrate type, with the highest value at 2.4 dS m-¹ in the mixed substrate. A nutrient concentration of 1.6 dS m-¹ produced the best overall performance. Based on these results, a combination of 1.6 dS m-¹ nutrient solution and a 1:1 mixture of volcanic sand and rice husk charcoal is recommended for the cultivation of L. flava. These findings establish baseline guidelines for hydroponic cultivation of L. flava and highlight its potential to advance precision hydroponics for indigenous vegetables, thereby contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture.
Effect of fermented pineapple silage on growth and stress tolerance of Penaeus monodon post-larvae
Abstract. Honcada CA, Lemosnero JB, Namuag BP, Candole KP, Pedroso FL. 2025. Effect of fermented pineapple silage on growth and stress tolerance of Penaeus monodon post-larvae. Asian J Agric 9: 533-541. The incorporation of pineapple waste into animal feeds has been previously reported; however, its potential application in aquaculture remains underexplored. In particular, the use of liquid-fermented pineapple silage derived from industrial processing has not been documented. This study investigated the effects of liquid fermented pineapple silage (LFPS) and yeast-enriched LFPS (LFPS+Yeast), applied by spraying onto commercial feed, as alternative feed additives for post-larval tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Results demonstrated that the inclusion of LFPS+Yeast significantly improved weight gain (p < 0.05) in P. monodon post-larvae, with the highest mean weight gain observed in the LFPS+Yeast group (62.57?±?3.43?mg), followed by LFPS (53.37?±?5.63?mg), and the control (39.30?±?3.40?mg). A similar trend was observed in growth rate (GR) (p < 0.05). Although the specific growth rate (SGR) did not differ significantly among treatments (p > 0.05), the LFPS+Yeast group exhibited the highest SGR (11.30?±?0.52%), followed by LFPS (10.97?±?0.52%) and the control (9.84?±?0.35%). No significant differences were found in survival or stress tolerance; however, both LFPS+Yeast and LFPS treatments showed improved survival rates (80.00?±?1.40% and 73.11?±?2.50%, respectively) compared to the control (67.56?±?7.45%), as well as enhanced stress response. These findings suggest that LFPS and LFPS+Yeast have strong potential as sustainable feed additives in shrimp aquaculture, offering a means of waste valorization while promoting improved growth and resilience in P. monodon.
Gibberellin and potassium sorbate synergy for parthenocarpy and sugar enhancement in Bali grapes, Indonesia
Abstract. Kamuhi RH, Dwiyani R, Darmawati IAP. 2025. Gibberellin and potassium sorbate synergy for parthenocarpy and sugar enhancement in Bali grapes, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 568-581. Bali grape (Vitis vinifera L. var. Alphonso Lavallee) is a high-value horticultural commodity; however, its fruit quality, particularly sweetness and seed content, often falls short of consumer expectations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gibberellin (GA3) and potassium sorbate applications on parthenocarpy induction and sugar content enhancement. The experiment employed a factorial randomized complete block design with two factors: GA3 concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and potassium sorbate concentrations (0 and 0.3%), each with five replications, resulting in 40 experimental units. Results showed that both GA3 and potassium sorbate significantly affected cluster and fruit characteristics, including cluster length, pedicel length, fruit number and weight, as well as seed number and weight. The interaction between the two treatments had a significant effect on berry diameter, number of millerandage (undeveloped) berries, and sugar content. The combined application of 150 ppm GA3 and 0.3% potassium sorbate increased berry diameter to approximately 19 mm and sugar content by about 38% to 19°Brix, while reducing the number of millerandage berries to 1.60 per cluster. GA3 at 150 ppm effectively reduced seed number and seed weight, while increasing fruit number, fruit weight, cluster weight, and cluster size. Potassium sorbate also contributed to improving the physical quality of the fruit. These findings indicate a synergistic effect between GA3 and potassium sorbate. The combined application, which is both practical and cost-effective, offers a promising agronomic strategy to improve the fruit quality of Bali grape, thereby enhancing its competitiveness in both domestic and international.
Dietary lotus seed powder enhances semen quality and storage stability in Mia roosters
Abstract. Nhan P, Tri NM. 2025. Dietary lotus seed powder enhances semen quality and storage stability in Mia roosters. Asian J Agric 9: 598-606. Semen quality, a key determinant of reproductive efficiency in poultry, plays a crucial role in breeding programs and in the conservation of indigenous genetic resources. Natural dietary supplements with antioxidant activity may improve sperm function and preservation. Lotus seed powder (Nelumbinis semen) is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing properties, but its effects on avian reproduction remain unexplored. This study represents the first report in avian species evaluating the impact of dietary lotus seed powder supplementation on semen quality and storage stability in Mia roosters, a Vietnamese indigenous breed. Thirty healthy roosters (10-11 months) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 2% or 4% lotus seed powder for 60 days. Semen was collected every three days and assessed for volume, concentration, motility parameters, morphology, viability, membrane integrity, and chilled storage stability (0-24 h at 4°C). Compared with the control (C), T2 showed higher semen volume (0.48±0.05 mL vs 0.42±0.05 mL), sperm concentration (3.47±0.27×109/mL vs 3.21±0.26×109/mL), VSL (46.25±3.15 µm/s vs 42.35±3.12 µm/s), and viability (91.03±2.68% vs 87.46±2.85%). Abnormal morphology decreased from 9.84±1.21% in C to 8.15±1.12% in T2. Motility after 24 h storage remained higher in T2 (63.20±4.15%) compared with C (51.81±4.91%). Dietary lotus seed powder, particularly at 4% inclusion, significantly improves semen quality by enhancing sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity, while also prolonging chilled storage stability in Mia roosters. These outcomes underscore its potential as a natural reproductive enhancer with applications in Artificial Insemination (AI) and the conservation of indigenous poultry genetic resources.
The evolution of agriculture in the Papua-Papua New Guinea frontier, Keerom District, Indonesia
Abstract. Kadir A, Suharno, Iswandi RM, Alwi LO. 2025. The evolution of agriculture in the Papua-Papua New Guinea frontier, Keerom District, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 554-567. A community's socio-cultural characteristics influence how agricultural systems evolve to support livelihoods. In rural and inland areas, such as in Keerom District, Papua Province, Indonesia, food security is heavily reliant on the availability of natural resources. The local communities in Keerom maintain a hunting-gathering culture and the traditional agricultural systems. This study aims to determine how the agricultural sector in Keerom has developed to meet the needs of people on the border with Papua New Guinea. This includes introducing oil palm and corn as new efforts to develop superior commodities. A survey was conducted using qualitative research techniques and interview methods. The survey analyzed the social, economic, and ecological systems that underlie the evolution of livelihood systems in the region. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with traditional farmers, indigenous community leaders, migrant communities, and other stakeholders, supplemented by field observations. The findings reveal a significant shift in livelihood systems, rooted in evolutionary developments since the time of the ancestors of the Keerom community. This transformation is closely tied to the community's hunting-gathering culture, traditional agricultural practices, the introduction of modern agriculture, the establishment of oil palm plantations, and the implementation of the central government's food estate program. The study highlights that oil palm and corn cultivation present substantial economic opportunities, particularly in terms of income generation and infrastructure development. However, these benefits are accompanied by notable challenges, including shifts in traditional cropping patterns, land tenure conflicts, and adverse impacts on local biodiversity. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how the integration of new commodities reshapes the agrarian and social landscapes in Keerom District. It also provides insights into the implications for sustainable agricultural development policies in the region, offering a promising path forward for the community and its stakeholders.
Strategic management and mapping of corn farming for sustainable animal feed in Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Manaf S, Azisah A, Demmallino EB, Syamsuddin S. 2025. Strategic management and mapping of corn farming for sustainable animal feed in Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 542-553. The purpose of this study was to analyze corn mapping and internal and external factors that influence corn farming development strategies for the sustainability of animal feed in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study employed a range of data collection methods, including observation, social mapping, Focus Group Discussion, and interviews. The data analysis was ArcGIS and SWOT analysis, which was presented in qualitative descriptive form. The results of this study indicate that potential mapping based on the area of corn land in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, has a total area of 2,667.45 ha. The village with the most extensive corn land is Toddopulia Village, which has an area of 502.91 ha. Corn crop production in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, fluctuates every year, with a production value of 56.04 quintals/ha in 2021, 59 quintals/ha in 2022, and 53.17 quintals/ha in 2023. Internal and external factors of corn farming that have a significant influence are: (i) the existence of agricultural institutions (farmer groups), (ii) the use of agricultural technology is still lacking, (iii) government policy support, (iv) high market demand, (v) corn production centers, (vi) increasing feed needs and (vii) fluctuations in production prices. The corn farming business development strategy is in quadrant III, which is in a diversification position.
Eco-friendly control of Trichodinid infestation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using Psidium guajava leaf extract
Abstract. Sulistiawati A, Lamata G, Sriwulan. 2025. Eco-friendly control of Trichodinid infestation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using Psidium guajava leaf extract. Asian J Agric 9: 498-506. Trichodinid ectoparasites are among the most detrimental pathogens in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture, causing tissue damage, growth suppression, and high mortality, particularly in small-scale systems. Chemical treatments such as formalin remain common but raise concerns regarding toxicity, environmental contamination, and pathogen resistance. Developing eco-friendly, plant-based alternatives is therefore crucial for sustainable aquaculture. This study evaluated the antiparasitic efficacy, safety, and histopathological impacts of ethanol extract of guava (Psidium guajava) leaves against Trichodinid infections in Nile tilapia. Juvenile tilapia (n=120) were naturally infected through cohabitation and randomly assigned to four treatments (0, 10, 20, and 30 ppm extract; three replicates each). Acute toxicity tests determined a 24 h LC50 value of 43.65 ppm. Extract efficacy was assessed through prevalence, infection intensity, survival rate, water quality, and histopathology, analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (?=0.05). The 30 ppm treatment significantly reduced Trichodinid prevalence from 70.0% to 43.3% and infection intensity from 5.4 to 3.2 parasites per fish, representing 38.1% and 41.3% reductions, respectively (p<0.05). The highest survival rate occurred at 10 ppm (93.3%), compared to 86.7% at 20 ppm, 80.0% at 30 ppm, and 66.7% in the control. Water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) remained within optimal culture ranges. Histopathological observations confirmed milder epithelial erosion, necrosis, and gill lamella fusion in treated groups relative to controls. These findings demonstrate that guava leaf ethanol extract, particularly at 10-30 ppm, is an effective, safe, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic agent. Its integration into aquaculture health management could reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, promote fish welfare, and support the sustainability of tilapia farming systems.
Effect of organic fertilizer types and dosage on yield and nutrient uptake of red ginger in an Alfisol
Abstract. Setyaningrum D, Suhita CP, Paryanto E, Ningsih H, Arifin Z, Suryadi D, Suprihatin DN, Nurhidayati F, Pradana AGR, Hantari D. 2025. Effect of organic fertilizer types and dosage on yield and nutrient uptake of red ginger in an Alfisol. Asian J Agric 9: 636-644. Declining red ginger production in Indonesia, partly due to reduced optimal land availability, has prompted the use of suboptimal soils, such as Alfisols are known to be fertile soils with relatively high concentrations of essential nutrients. This study evaluated the effects of animal manure type (cow, goat, and chicken) and application dosage (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons.ha-¹) on yield performance and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) in Alfisol. A randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement was applied. Results showed that both manure type and dosage significantly influenced yield and nutrient uptake. Goat manure at 30 tons.ha?¹ produced the highest fresh weight, biomass, rhizome weight, and N and P uptake. Rhizome weight and volume were positively correlated with N and P uptake, indicating that improved nutrient absorption efficiency contributed to yield enhancement. Increasing manure dosage consistently elevated biomass, rhizome volume, and K uptake, with optimal results at 30 tons.ha-¹. These findings demonstrate that organic fertilization, particularly with goat manure at 30 tons.ha-¹, is an effective strategy to boost red ginger productivity and nutrient use efficiency on marginal Alfisol soil. The approach supports sustainable cultivation and could help meet increasing market demand, although long-term impacts on soil health require further investigation.
Biocontrol and growth-promoting potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6 against shallot pathogens under sub-optimal land conditions
Abstract. Prihatiningsih N, Lestari P, Ilhami ZM, Djatmiko HA, Irwandhi. 2025. Biocontrol and growth-promoting potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6 against shallot pathogens under sub-optimal land conditions. Asian J Agric 9: 607-614. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6, isolated from rice roots on suboptimal land, has potential as an eco-friendly biocontrol agent for shallot diseases. This study developed liquid biopesticide formulations using coconut water and rice washing water as local carriers, characterized their chemical composition, and tested their effects on shallot disease resistance and growth. A randomized block design with four treatments (control, coconut water formula with NPA6, rice washing water formula with NPA6, and Propineb fungicide) and six replications was used. The coconut water formula contained higher N (0.68%) and Zn (0.36 mg L-1), while the rice washing water formula had higher P (0.74%), K (0.52%), and Cu (0.10 mg L-1). Both formulations reduced disease intensity by 34-36%, comparable to chemical fungicides, although growth and yield parameters were not significantly improved. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between disease intensity and plant height, indicating that disease suppression indirectly contributes to growth maintenance. The novelty of this study lies in utilizing locally available carriers to enhance the performance of B. subtilis NPA6, demonstrating its potential for sustainable shallot cultivation on suboptimal land. Further research should optimize carrier combinations to strengthen both biocontrol and growth-promoting functions.
Comparative biology of bagworm larvae (Metisa plana) fed on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and malabar melastome (Melastoma malabathricum)
Abstract. Anggraini E, Istiqomah H, Irsan C, Herlinda S, Muslim A, Suwandi S. 2025. Comparative biology of bagworm larvae (Metisa plana) fed on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and malabar melastome (Melastoma malabathricum). Asian J Agric 9: 472-481. Metisa plana Walker, 1883 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is a significant defoliator in oil palm plantations, and the weed Melastoma malabathricum L. (malabar melastome) is believed to act as an alternative host, potentially maintaining pest numbers. This study assessed the comparative biology of M. plana larvae raised individually on oil palm and malabar melastome leaves in a laboratory setting. Recently emerged larvae (n?=?10 per treatment) were observed for leaf area consumption, larval bag form, developmental time, and survival rates. The results indicated that larvae consuming malabar melastome had a substantially greater leaf area consumption during instars 1-3 (up to 11.44?±?0.96?cm²) compared to those fed on oil palm (8.91?±?0.58?cm²; p?<?0.05), with the differences becoming non-significant from the 4th instar forward. The total duration of larval development was roughly 109 days on Malabar melastome and 103 days on oil palm, with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05), while survival rates above 80% on both hosts. The length of larval bags exhibited substantial variation in the early instars (p < 0.01), but remained comparable in subsequent stages, and pupal weight was not assessed. The findings affirm that M. malabathricum serves as an appropriate alternate host for M. plana, underscoring the necessity for integrated weed management to avert malabar melastome from functioning as a reservoir, thereby enhancing the efficacy of pest management measures in oil palm ecosystems.
Assessment of soil quality changes following land reclamation at the Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, Indonesia
Abstract. Anwar S, Mansor AB, Haris H, Dharsono M, Lubis A, Wahyudi R, Fathiya N. 2025. Assessment of soil quality changes following land reclamation at the Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 623-628. Mining at Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, caused severe soil degradation, requiring effective reclamation. This study evaluated the recovery of soil chemical properties in reclamation sites aged 3, 6, and 10 years compared with adjacent natural forest. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, available phosphorus (P), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na), and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Results showed age-dependent recovery. The 10 year sites had pH (5.03) closest to forest (4.96), while younger sites remained more acidic (4.80-4.88). Organic C (7.68%) and total N (0.15%) increased with age but were still below forest levels (16.99% and 0.37%). The C/N ratio distinguished recovery stages: 3-6 year sites showed rapid turnover (C/N=5.00-7.33), whereas 10 year sites resembled forest (53.67). Available P peaked at 6 years (21.38 mg/kg) before declining, and exchangeable cations showed variable patterns. CEC peaked in 10 year sites (86.30 cmol/100 g), exceeding forest (49.87 cmol/100 g), indicating improved nutrient retention. Correlation with forest soils was strong (R²=0.87). These results demonstrate substantial recovery of soil chemical properties within a decade, though long-term organic matter accumulation and balanced nutrient management remain essential for full ecosystem restoration.
Consumer preferences for lab-cultured and traditional meat in Ghana
Abstract. Owusu R. 2025. Consumer preferences for lab-cultured and traditional meat in Ghana. Asian J Agric 9: 483-497. There is a growing demand for meat as a source of protein in the human diet because of the increasing population. This has raised ethical and environmental concerns, highlighting the need for alternative protein sources, including lab-cultured meat. While interest in consumer preferences for alternative meat has grown globally, evidence from emerging economies like Ghana remains limited. This study investigates consumer preferences for alternative meat sources using a choice experiment approach. Specifically, the study aims to (i) assess baseline awareness of lab-cultured meat to identify public education needs, (ii) uncover cultural or economic barriers to adoption for targeted interventions, and (iii) quantify consumer preferences and willingness to pay to guide market pricing strategies. It employs a descriptive survey design, utilizing a sample of 265 consumers from the Cape Coast Metropolis, with data collected through questionnaires. The empirical specifications were estimated using a Bayesian mixed logit model in preference and willingness to pay (WTP) spaces to account for preference heterogeneity and improve WTP estimations. The econometric modeling results indicate that sampled consumers are price-sensitive, with affordability, limited availability, and low awareness emerging as the most significant barriers to consumption. Plant-based meat was positively valued in WTP space, while consumers generally are indifferent towards lab-cultured meat, which becomes more acceptable as an ethical and sustainable alternative, for the younger and higher income earners when socioeconomic interactions were incorporated, suggesting a heterogeneous but emerging market. Additionally, the results show that consumers prefer locally produced meat over imported meat, with origin being a key factor in their purchasing decisions. Furthermore, a low carbon footprint influences consumers' choice of meat alternatives. While the sample provides insights into urban consumer behavior, rural preferences may differ. The results suggest targeted marketing of lab-cultured meat as an ethical choice and support for local production to enhance acceptance.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and biochemical composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Abstract. Abdullah HA. 2025. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and biochemical composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Asian J Agric 9: 507-512. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an economically important horticultural crop whose growth and quality are strongly influenced by nutrient management. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients that regulate plant metabolism, yet their combined effects on tomato performance under arid greenhouse conditions remain insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the interactive influence of ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate on vegetative growth and biochemical composition of tomato. A completely randomized factorial design was applied with 16 N×P treatment combinations and three replications using 4 kg of soil per pot. Fertilizers were supplied in two equal splits at 10 and 25 days after seedling emergence, and plant responses were assessed after 52 days. Measurements included plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weights, leaf area, and concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test (p?0.05) showed significant main and interactive effects of N and P. The combined application of 0.250 kg/ha N and 0.150 kg/ha P produced the best performance, with plant height nearly doubling compared to controls and protein content increasing by about one third. The synergistic effects of N and P were linked to enhanced photosynthetic capacity, stronger root development, and more efficient nutrient assimilation. These findings suggest that balanced fertilization strategies can improve both growth and nutritional quality of tomato while providing guidance for sustainable crop production in arid agroecosystems such as Iraq.
Stakeholders' roles and policy effectiveness in organic rice farming development in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Abstract. Rozaki Z, Vionanda R, Rahmawati N, Triyono. 2025. Stakeholders' roles and policy effectiveness in organic rice farming development in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 513-521. In Central Java and Yogyakarta, organic rice farming has grown rapidly in response to increasing consumer demand and farmer awareness of environmental and health concerns. Between 2019 and 2022, the volume of organic rice trade rose significantly from 491.4 tons to 7,795.9 tons, highlighting the urgent need for supportive policies and governance structures. This study aims to analyze the roles of key stakeholders and assess the effectiveness of agricultural policies in promoting organic rice farming across five districts. A qualitative descriptive approach was applied, using purposive sampling to select 18 key informants, including officials from agricultural offices, extension advisors, and farmer group leaders. The findings show that stakeholders play a central and invaluable role in policy creation and information dissemination, yet marketing-related policies remain underdeveloped. Existing programs mainly provide production-side support, including subsidies for inputs, certification assistance, training, and extension services, all confirmed by farmers as received. While these interventions effectively enhance productivity, they have a limited impact on marketing efficiency. Further analysis highlights the need for stronger communication between policymakers and farmer groups, as well as better support for market access and post-harvest handling. The study recommends establishing district-level organic marketing boards, embedding farmer feedback into policy cycles, and encouraging local governments to adopt region-specific regulations that foster sustainable organic farming systems.
Rice response to cadmium bioremediation using sorghum and mycorrhiza
Abstract. Harsono P, Hasanah NAU, Purwanto E, Samanhudi. 2025. Rice response to cadmium bioremediation using sorghum and mycorrhiza. Asian J Agric 9: 522-532. Cadmium (Cd) contamination at 2.9 mg kg-¹ in paddy soils reduces rice productivity and threatens food safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) phytoremediation combined with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in improving rice growth under mild Cd contamination. A factorial randomized complete block design with two cropping systems (seed vs. ratoon, where the same crop is re-grown from the stubble or roots of the first crop) and seven remediation treatments (control; three sorghum varieties (Super 1, Samurai 1, Kawali) combine with/without 10 g AMF plot-¹) was applied in 42 plots (3×4 m). Rice cv. IR 64 was transplanted 30 days after remediation. Significant interactions (p<0.05) between cropping system and remediation treatment occurred for plant height and leaf area. The Kawali + AMF treatment produced the most significant gains relative to the control: plant height +7.7%, leaf area +207%, chlorophyll +236% and total dry biomass +152%, while extending the vegetative phase by 23%. Improvements were consistent across sorghum seed and sorghum ratoon systems, indicating that remediation benefits persist beyond the first harvest. Ratoon sorghum-maintained remediation benefits, with 7-10% taller plants and 8% greater leaf area than the control, despite slightly reduced canopy size compared with seed sorghum; all sorghum treatments delayed flowering by ~11 days, indicating reduced Cd stress. High-biomass sorghum, especially Kawali, combined with AMF, enhances rice growth and physiology while stabilizing Cd, providing a scalable remediation strategy for sustainable rice production in Cd-contaminated tropical agroecosystems.
Effects of brown algal fertilizers on tomato yield and fruit quality
Abstract. Baroud S, Tahrouch S, Hatimi A. 2025. Effects of brown algal fertilizers on tomato yield and fruit quality. Asian J Agric 9: 454-462. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biofertilizer potential of three brown algae: Fucus spiralis, Cystoseira gibraltarica, and Bifurcaria bifurcata. Over ninety days, the growth of the algae was monitored. The algae were applied in two different forms and at varying concentrations: aqueous extract (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and amendment (C1, C2, and C3). For each algal treatment, ten pots were used, with one plant per pot (10 replicates per treatment). Each pot received 50 mL/week of the algal extract, corresponding to three concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). For the amendment, the treatments consisted of three increasing concentrations: C1 (2.5 g/pot), C2 (5 g/pot), and C3 (10 g/pot). The low concentration algal extracts significantly improved growth parameters—such as length of the aerial part, root length, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight—and yield indicators like the number of flowers, fruits, and the fresh weight of fruits, compared to the control. Fertilization with F. spiralis amendment C1 notably enhanced the length of the aerial part, root length, and overall plant height (115, 41, and 156 cm, respectively). Improvements in sugar content, Brix, and fruit diameter were observed in fruits treated with C. gibraltarica at 1% (4.95%, 4.33%, and 55.66 mm, respectively). Additionally, the algal extracts with low concentrations of B. bifurcata and F. spiralis exhibited the highest mineral content in tomato leaves. The aqueous extract of B. bifurcata at 0.5% showed the highest levels of organic matter and total nitrogen in leaves (84.68% and 2.1%, respectively). Overall, these three algae proved to be effective and suitable candidates for developing biostimulants aimed at enhancing tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality. This study provides valuable information regarding the identification and application of Moroccan algae resources in agriculture.
Optimization of biochar and drip irrigation to improve chili yield and soil properties
Abstract. Widowati, Biru SM, Agastya IMI, Cahya UTW, Wilujeng R. 2025. Optimization of biochar and drip irrigation to improve chili yield and soil properties. Asian J Agric 9: 442-453. Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) is an important horticultural crop in Indonesia; however, its yield remains below optimal despite rising demand. This study intends to (i) assess changes in soil bulk density, particle density, and porosity; (ii) evaluate the effects of irrigation techniques and the application of biochar on chili yields; and (iii) identify the best combination for optimizing resource usage and yield. Eight different treatment combinations, each repeated four times, were used in a nested randomized design study conducted in Tunggulwulung Village, Malang. As the primary factor, the treatments included two main irrigation techniques (conventional and drip), which were further subdivided with different rates of biochar application (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). There were 160 pots total, with five plants per treatment acting as experimental units. Rice husks that had been pyrolyzed for three to four hours at 600°C were the source of the biochar. According to the results, adding biochar to conventional irrigation increases fruit weight by 125% and yield by about 130%. Drip irrigation with 4% biochar, on the other hand, is the most successful technique and yields much larger improvements, increasing fruit weight by 764% and fruit yield by 324%. Drip irrigation is more effective and yields better results than conventional irrigation, especially when combined with rice husk biochar. Furthermore, soil porosity and water use efficiency are significantly increased when 4% and 6% doses of biochar are added to drip irrigation systems.
Antibiotic residues in poultry and food safety risks in North Cotabato, Philippines
Abstract. Hadji Ibrahim AB, Jumao-As CM, Tampus AD, Tabugo SRM, Adamat LA, Jose MAI, Tanabe MEN, Amparado OA. 2025. Antibiotic residues in poultry and food safety risks in North Cotabato, Philippines. Asian J Agric 9: 463-471. Poultry production in North Cotabato, Philippines, remains a key agricultural sector, yet the extent of antimicrobial residue contamination in retail chicken meat is poorly documented. This study aimed to detect and quantify antibiotic residues in organic and non-organic chicken meat sold in public wet markets using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Thirty-six whole dressed chickens (18 organic and 18 non-organic) were purchased across six municipalities, yielding 72 tissue samples (wings and legs). Six antibiotics namely doxycycline, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, tilmicosin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were targeted. Doxycycline was the most frequently detected compound, present in 100% of non-organic and 50% of organic samples. Fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin/norfloxacin) and tilmicosin (macrolide) were detected exclusively in non-organic leg tissues at frequencies of 66.7% and 50%, respectively. Residue concentrations ranged from <1.5 ?g/kg to 37.2 ?g/kg, with all values below Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). No samples contained amoxicillin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. While a two-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in mean residue concentrations by chicken part or production type (p>0.05), Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in detection frequency by production type (p<0.001) and by municipality (p=0.029). Non-organic samples consistently exhibited higher detection rates, with Pikit and Pigkawayan identified as geographic hotspots. These findings expose gaps in residue withdrawal compliance, certification credibility, and traceability in informal retail markets. The detection of residues in uncertified “organic” chicken underscores the urgent need for strengthened organic certification enforcement, farmer education, and municipality-level surveillance to align with the Philippine AMR Action Plan and ASEAN regional goals.
Enhancing hydroponic leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production through optimized nutrient formulations
Abstract. Muttulani MAJ. 2025. Enhancing hydroponic leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production through optimized nutrient formulations. Asian J Agric 9: 415-422. In leaf lettuce production, optimizing nutrient formulations within a hydroponic production system is crucial for enhancing yield, reducing environmental impact, increasing water efficiency, and maintaining a balanced nutrient supply. Despite substantial research, ideal nutrient formulations for lettuce hydroponic production remain insufficiently explored. A well-formulated nutrient solution provides plants with the necessary macro and micro nutrients for healthy growth and development. Thus, this research investigated five nutrient formulations using calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, and water-soluble fertilizer on lettuce's growth and yield performance under a hydroponic production system, arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Results revealed that Formulation 3-110 g (NPK) + 70 g MgSO4/ 500 mL H20 (Solution 1) + 180 g Ca(NO3)2/500 mL H20 (Solution 2) significantly improved percentage survival (98%), leaf-sized in terms of its width (16.61 cm) and length (23.64 cm), number of leaves (4.14), heaviest weight of the crown (332.63 g), the longest length of roots (37.20 cm), and highest rooting percentage (98%). The study's findings highlight the significant influence of the aforementioned nutrient formulation on the hydroponic production of lettuce, affecting its quality and yielding an increase of about 60-80%. The study provides a comprehensive insight into optimizing nutrient formulations for loose leaf lettuce production, which can be adapted to other types of lettuce, empowering farmers to significantly increase crop yield, improve food security, increase profitability, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Seed priming and foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract enhance growth and chlorophyll in canola (Brassica napus)
Abstract. Dhahir SN, Shaheen MASA. 2025. Seed priming and foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract enhance growth and chlorophyll in canola (Brassica napus). Asian J Agric 9: 433-441. Improving seed germination and physiological traits in crops like canola (Brassica napus) is crucial for enhancing yield and stress tolerance. Nanotechnology, particularly plant-based nano-extracts, offers eco-friendly alternatives for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of seed priming and foliar spraying with varying concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract on germination and physiological performance of canola. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three nano-extract concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) and a distilled water control. The extract, synthesized via silver nitrate, was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (peak at 435 nm), XRD, and SEM, confirming spherical nanoparticles (29-42 nm). Germination and physiological parameters were analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05). Seed priming with 20% nano-extract significantly increased germination percentage by 53.3% (92% vs. 60%) and reduced mean germination time by 25% (122.4 vs. 163.2 hours). Root and shoot lengths increased by 60.0% (4.0 vs. 2.5 cm) and 57.9% (3.0 vs. 1.9 cm), respectively. Foliar spraying with 20% extract improved leaf area by 57.8% (82.6 vs. 52.3 cm²), root dry weight by 65.6% (1.62 vs. 0.98 g), and chlorophyll content by 54.6% (52.7 vs. 34.1 mg/g). Under greenhouse conditions, Moringa nano-extract—particularly at 20%—significantly enhanced germination and physiological traits in canola; however, field-based studies are required to validate these findings for broader agricultural applications. Although the findings demonstrate significant improvements under controlled greenhouse conditions, the absence of field trials and bulk control treatments is a limitation, and further field-based research is necessary to confirm broader agricultural applicability.
System dynamics scenarios for sustainable oil palm management toward Indonesia’s 2060 net zero target
Abstract. Hernawan E, Rosmiati M, Lastini T, Mustari E, Kandar M. 2025. System dynamics scenarios for sustainable oil palm management toward Indonesia’s 2060 net zero target. Asian J Agric 9: 402-414. Indonesia’s palm oil sector plays a crucial role in national economic growth. However, it faces complex and interconnected challenges, including maintaining its significant contribution to GDP, supporting the expansion of biodiesel production, complying with the European Union’s deforestation regulations, and fulfilling commitments under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2030, as well as the national target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. This study aims to identify an ambitious yet realistic pathway for sustainable palm oil plantation management through the development and application of a system dynamics model. The research uses secondary data sources, including national palm oil production statistics, demographic trends, economic indicators, and policy documents related to palm oil governance and climate change mitigation. The Indonesia Sustainability of Oil Palm Plantations Management (ISOPPM) model was designed to simulate the impacts of policy interventions focused on promoting the use of organic fertilizers, distributing superior oil palm seedlings, and expanding B40 biodiesel production. The model’s accuracy and reliability were tested by comparing simulated results with historical data from national statistics. The results indicate that under the ambitious scenario, crude palm oil production could increase by 81.3% compared to the business-as-usual scenario. In comparison, plantation area expansion could be limited to 6.27%, enabling the sector to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2048. Furthermore, this scenario demonstrates the potential to mitigate forest biodiversity loss through more efficient land use and improved agricultural practices. Overall, the validated ISOPPM model indicates that with appropriate policy support and technological improvements, Indonesia’s palm oil sector can significantly enhance productivity, minimise deforestation risks and biodiversity loss, and contribute meaningfully to national climate goals, ensuring a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and long-term sustainability.
Landholding size, indebtedness, and crop insurance in India: A macro-level quantitative assessment
Abstract. Keerthikumara SM, Saikia B, Hiremath C. 2025. Landholding size, indebtedness, and crop insurance in India: A macro-level quantitative assessment. Asian J Agric 9: 377-390. Indian farmers continue to face structural distress driven by low income, high indebtedness, and inadequate risk protection. This study investigates the interrelationship between landholding size, agricultural credit, indebtedness, and crop insurance uptake using state-level secondary data from 2016 to 2023, drawn from Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, PMFBY/RWBCIS dashboards, and NCRB reports. Using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and paired t-tests, we identify key macro-level trends across 20 major Indian states. Results show that marginal and small farmers (less than 2 hectares) account for over 62.7% of all indebted farm households, but receive only 38.5% of total institutional agricultural credit. A bivariate regression reveals that a ?1,000 increase in monthly farm income is associated with a reduction of 1,314 indebted households (?=-0.445, p=0.016). Despite substantial credit disbursal in high-debt states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, farmer debt remains elevated, underscoring that credit alone does not reduce vulnerability. Crop insurance enrollment increased after the 2020 policy shift from mandatory to optional participation among loanee farmers, yet the change was not statistically significant (p=0.099). Actuarial analysis reveals that in several states, claim settlement ratios remain below 50%, with high premiums and delayed payouts fueling distrust. The study recommends fully subsidized premiums for marginal farmers, region-specific pricing, improved claim transparency, and financial literacy integration with agricultural extension. Effective risk mitigation in agriculture must go beyond insurance and integrate income and credit reforms to ensure equitable protection for India’s most vulnerable farmers.