Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects of forestry science, including forest ecology, plantation forestry, biodiversity and wildlife management, forest management, forest plant biology, tree physiology, pest and disease control, information management, soil and water resources, wood sciences and technology, and forest products processing, carbon cycles, climate change, forest fires, small-scale forestry and community forestry, social and economic impacts of forestry, and forestry policy. Scopus (Q3)
Estimation of carbon stock in areas invaded by invasive plants (Calliandra houstoniana) in the Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Solfiyeni, Azzahra A, Mildawati, Ritonga MA. 2025. Estimation of carbon stock in areas invaded by invasive plants (Calliandra houstoniana) in the Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 312-321. Bung Hatta Grand Forest Park, located in West Sumatra, Indonesia, is an ecologically important area characterized by high biodiversity and a significant role in carbon storage. However, the invasion of alien plant species threatens both species diversity and carbon reserves within this ecosystem. This study aimed to quantify biomass, carbon stocks, and carbon dioxide sequestration in areas invaded by Calliandra houstoniana and to compare them with non-invaded areas. The research was conducted between September 2023 and February 2024, using a quadrat method. Two plot locations were selected: one invaded and one uninvaded by C. houstoniana. At each location, a 20 × 50 meter plot was created, divided into 10 subplots: 10 × 10 meters for tree observation, 5 × 5 meters for sapling observation, and 2 × 2 meters for seedling and ground vegetation observation. Data on trees and saplings were collected using non-destructive methods, while understory vegetation was sampled destructively. The invasion by C. houstoniana resulted in substantial declines in ecosystem carbon storage. In the area associated with C. houstoniana, the total biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 sequestration were 66.515 t/ha, 33.606 t/ha, and 123.37 t/ha, respectively, indicating a decrease of 76-78% compared to the area not associated with the species (300.216, 141.11, and 517.8 t/ha, respectively). These findings indicate that C. houstoniana association significantly reduces carbon stocks and sequestration capacity. Therefore, immediate management interventions are necessary to control its spread and mitigate further biodiversity and carbon losses.
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Sustainable forest utilization based on indigenous knowledge of Mappurondo community in Mamasa District, West Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Irwansyah, Yusran, Millang S. 2025. Sustainable forest utilization based on indigenous knowledge of Mappurondo community in Mamasa District, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 273-283. Indigenous forest management systems offer vital insights for sustainable natural resource governance. This study examines forest utilization practices based on the indigenous knowledge of the Mappurondo community in Malatiro Village, West Sulawesi, Indonesia, to understand how indigenous knowledge contributes to sustainable forest use. A qualitative descriptive approach was applied through field observations, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model through processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results identified that Mappurondo forest use is divided into two main categories. The first consists of Kamalangngikam and Pasaram customary forests, which are sacred and governed by strict customary rules. Kamalangngikam is designated for women's purification rituals, while Pasaram functions as a burial ground and source of ritual wood. The second category is forests outside customary boundaries, where limited extraction of firewood, food plants, and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) occurs under customary restrictions. Customary taboos, sanctions, and ritual obligations function as effective ecological safeguards, ensuring regeneration and maintaining biodiversity. The study demonstrates that Mappurondo indigenous knowledge aligns with the principles of sustainable forest management by combining cultural identity, ecological protection, and resource regulation. Its integration into social forestry and REDD+ programs offers significant opportunities for strengthening participatory conservation while enriching the cultural basis of forest policy. Policy implications include promoting collaboration between state institutions and indigenous communities, incorporating cultural values into forest governance, and enhancing local ecological education to secure long-term sustainability.
Spatio-temporal distribution of native melliferous trees under climate change and their consequences for apiculture and pollinator conservation in the Republic of Benin
Abstract. Amakpe F, Amalia CA, Sinsin B, Fandohan AB. 2025. Spatio-temporal distribution of native melliferous trees under climate change and their consequences for apiculture and pollinator conservation in the Republic of Benin. Asian J For 9: 264-272. Climate change poses major threats to biodiversity, including the distribution of melliferous trees that sustain beekeeping and pollinator populations. In tropical regions such as the Republic of Benin (Benin), where dry-season bushfires destroy most herbaceous plants, honeybees rely heavily on perennial trees. This study assessed the impacts of climate change on the distribution of 87 native melliferous trees using the MaxEnt prediction model. The occurrence data were derived from nationwide forest survey plots. The environmental baseline data covered 1990 to 2021, and the predictive parameters covered 2041 to 2070. More than 50% of the country's territory was predicted to become unsuitable for melliferous trees by the 2070 horizon. The moderately suitable area that represented 22.92% of the country's territory will drop to 19.69% and the central parts will concentrate the highly suitable areas. The southern and northern extremities will remain unsuitable areas. The southward expansion of the unsuitable area in the Sudanian regions revealed the future bad beekeeping conditions in these areas, where deforestation is of great concern. The length of the dry season, potential evapotranspiration, and temperature seasonality were the most influential environmental variables shaping tree distribution. These shifts imply worsening conditions for apiculture and pollinator conservation, especially in northern Benin, where land degradation and deforestation are already severe. Strategic reforestation programs prioritizing native species, coupled with sustainable landscape management, will be essential for safeguarding pollinator services and ensuring the long-term viability of beekeeping in the region.
Growth and wood physical properties of Neolamarckia cadamba under agroforestry system in a community forest in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Anna N, Herawati E, Anggraini N, Sutiawan J, Bangun BON, Banjarnahor LD. 2025. Growth and wood physical properties of Neolamarckia cadamba under agroforestry system in a community forest in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 251-263. Jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) is among primary alternative fast-growing tree species to produce wood products. This tree can be planted under various monoculture and agroforestry sytems, which might result in the growth and quality of wood across plant parts such as base, middle, and top. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the growth performance and physical properties of 13 years old jabon wood planted under agroforestry system in a community forest in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Measurement of growth characteristics and estimation of wood quality in stands were carried out using the census method to 161 trees. Physical properties were also assessed using destructive methods by felling three jabon trees to evaluate moisture content, density, specific gravity, and shrinkage. Testing was carried out per segment (from pith to outer bark) in each part of the base (B), middle (M), and top (T). The results showed that growth and physical properties of varied significantly. Growth characteristics for height ranged from 10.36-29.25 m with an average of 18 m and diameter ranged 0.19-0.81 m with an average of 0.36 m. The specific gravity was 0.23-0.94 with an average of 0.43. The density of wood was 0.43-1.50 g/cm3 with an average of 0.80 g/cm3. Analysis of variance showed that tree section had a significant effect on green moisture content (gMC), air dried moisture content (adMC), air dried density (ad?), oven dried density (od?), green specific gravity (gG), air dried specific gravity (adG), oven dried specific gravity (odG) produced at 95% confidence level. However, the effect was not significant on green density (g?) and wood shrinkage. In line with the results, the highest gG of 0.44 was obtained at the top, while the lowest of 0.36 was at the base. Regarding air adG, the highest value of 0.46 was found at the top while the lowest was at the base with 0.37. The highest odG was found at the top with 0.47, while the lowest was found at the base with 0.38. By comparing the tangential and radial (T/R) ratios, the dimensional stability of wood was determined, achieving the highest value was found at the base, and the lowest at the top. The results of this study suggest that agroforestry system do not inhibit the growth of jabon. Therefore, this system can be applied to produce wood-based products while optimizing land use, enhancing biodiversity and maintaining the microclimate.
Ground-dwelling insects as bioindicators of ecosystem health in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Sadapotto A, Budiaman, Mutmainnah N, Prastiyo A. 2025. Ground-dwelling insects as bioindicators of ecosystem health in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 211-220. The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) and pine (Pinus merkusii) stands serve as vital ecological and socio-economic landscapes, supporting biodiversity, community livelihoods, and education. Ground-dwelling insects play a role as bioindicator agents in ecosystem health and quality. This study examined the diversity and ecological role of ground-dwelling insects in sugar palm and pine stands at the Universitas Hasanuddin Education Forest, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted from October to December 2023 using pitfall traps across sugar palm and pine stands. The data were analyzed using diversity indices, t-tests, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 989 individuals were recorded in the sugar palm stand and 889 in the pine stand. The independent t-test results revealed that diversity, richness, and evenness indices were significantly (p<0.05) higher in sugar palm stands. These results are consistent with the mean values, where sugar palm habitats exhibited greater diversity (2.56±0.12), richness (4.29±0.19), and evenness (0.75±0.03) compared to pine stands. Light intensity emerged as the dominant factor, contributing 87.489% of the variation, highlighting its strong impact on insect distribution and activity, particularly for light-sensitive groups such as ants. The most dominant species overall was the funnel ant (Aphaenogaster laevior), comprising 57.43% of individuals in pine and 17.10% in sugar palm habitats. These results emphasize the importance of habitat structure and microclimate in shaping insect communities and guiding conservation strategies.
Social forestry institutional transformation under the Forest Areas with Special Management (KHDPK) policy
Abstract. Widiyanto A, Nurrochmat DR, Trison S, Subarudi, Nurfatriani F. 2025. Social forestry institutional transformation under the Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK) policy. Asian J For 9: 182-195. Social forestry in Indonesia is entering its third generation, with a focus on livelihoods improvement and enterprise capacity building. In this regard, the Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK) policy was issued to expand community access to forest management in Java Island by allowing direct involvement without requiring engagement through the state-owned forest enterprise. This shift aims to enhance socio-economic benefits, resolve tenure conflicts, and support forest and land rehabilitation through inclusive governance. This study aims to examine the transformation of social forestry in Java following the issuance of the Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK) policy. It adopts two complementary approaches: the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and Historical Institutionalism (HI). The results show that the institutional transformation of social forestry in KHDPK is to continue and modify the existing social forestry, without replacing it with a new one. Although it is a significant change, KHDPK is not yet at a critical juncture because it is not supported by strong institutional lock-in. Social forestry within KHDPK can be understood as a path modification, not a full disruption, as it does not replace entirely the previous social forestry scheme but rather builds upon and adjusts it. In this context, KHDPK reflects a combination of institutional layering and conversion. These two forms strengthen the argument that KHDPK is not merely a "new policy" but a gradual institutional change that adapts to the current political and social context. Local autonomy and conflict resolution need more attention from the Ministry of Forestry. The policy options that the government can take include strengthening the social forestry institution in KHDPK regarding regulations, increasing collaboration among parties, expanding supporting resources, especially at the site level, and enhancing community capacity.
Transforming social forestry through Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK) in Garut, Indonesia
Abstract. Nurkholid Y, Nurrochmat DR, Purwawangsa H, Nurrochmat NA. 2025. Transforming social forestry through Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK) in Garut, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 196-210. Social forestry on Java Island, previously implemented through the Social Forestry Forest Utilization Permit (IPHPS) and the Forestry Partnership Recognition and Protection scheme (Kulin KK), has been required to transform the establishment of the Forest Area with Special Management (KHDPK). In response, the Indonesian government enacted Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 4 of 2023. The transformation of social forestry under the permit and partnership schemes is administered by the Minister and implemented through the respective Technical Implementation Units. At the permit-holder level, numerous challenges persist, particularly regarding forest management capacity and readiness for change, which may hinder the effectiveness of the transformation process. This study aims to analyze the roles of stakeholders, the implementation of the social forestry transformation policy, and the organizational changes among social forestry permit holders. Fieldwork was conducted with the Girihurip Forest Farmers Group and within the Kulin KK Permit Area of the Giri Purnama Alam Forest Village Community Organization in Garut District, Indonesia. The findings indicate that primary, supporting, and key stakeholders possess differing levels of influence and interest. However, the implementation of the transformation policy in Garut has been suboptimal due to inefficient bureaucratic processes. Notably, organizational transformation among Kulin KK permit holders has shown greater progress compared to that among IPHPS permit holders.
Estimating mangrove above-ground biomass using GEDI LiDAR, Sentinel data, and machine learning in Rawa Aopa National Park, Indonesia
Abstract. Zulkarnain, Saleh MB, Purnomo H, Kuncahyo B, Tiryana T, Puspaningsih N. 2025. Estimating mangrove above-ground biomass using GEDI LiDAR, Sentinel data, and machine learning in Rawa Aopa National Park, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 166-181. Accurate above-ground biomass estimation is crucial for climate change mitigation and sustainable mangrove management. Therefore, this study aimed to integrate Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation Light Detection and Ranging (GEDI LiDAR), Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2, with field measurement data to estimate above-ground biomass in the mangrove forest of Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWNP), Indonesia. Data processing was performed using Google Earth Engine, model training was conducted in Google Colab, and spatial analysis was performed with QGIS. Mangrove cover was mapped using Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to estimate mangrove area in RAWNP. Furthermore, machine learning models, including Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Regression, were developed and validated based on 30 field plots and 10-fold cross-validation. A total of 2,176 GEDI footprint points were used as reference data for model training. The results showed that RF outperformed the other model, with R²=0.46, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)=72.52 during the evaluation stage and R²=0.69, RMSE=29.47 during validation. Multitemporal analysis (2019-2023) showed peak above-ground biomass density in 2021 at 148.94 tons ha-¹, followed by a decline. This study presents an effective approach for estimating and mapping above-ground biomass in the mangrove forest of RAWNP, and the resulting biomass maps can be used to support mangrove conservation strategies, REDD+ verification, and coastal ecosystem management in tropical protected areas.
Integration of non-timber forest products and local culture in weaving practices and fabric motifs in Wajo District, Indonesia
Abstract. Nuraeni S, Sadapotto A, Ferlin, Prastiyo A. 2025. Integration of non-timber forest products and local culture in weaving practices and fabric motifs in Wajo District, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 153-165. Traditional woven fabrics are a cultural heritage that holds symbolic, social, and ecological values ??in Indonesian society. Wajo District in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is renowned as one of the centers of traditional sarong and weaving, which strongly upholds local cultural values. However, modernisation of materials and changes in market preferences pose challenges to the sustainability of weaving practices and the utilisation of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). This study aims to examine the integration of NTFPs into the production process of sarongs and weavings, and to understand the cultural significance of the motifs and materials used in these products. This research was conducted from June to July 2023 in two main locations, Tosora Village in Majauleng Sub-district and Pakkana Village in Tanasitolo Sub-district, both located in Wajo District, South Sulawesi Province. The study population consisted of five silk shops and 29 traditional weavers who were actively involved in sarong production in both villages. The methods employed include literature studies, direct observation, and visual documentation of the traditional sarongs and weavings produced. The results show that 14 sarongs/weavings use natural silk (Bombyx mori), 13 use viscose, and three are made of polyester. The selection of these materials is influenced by social status, material availability, and cultural values. The motifs found reflect the philosophy of life of the Bugis people, such as social status, marriage, and the relationship between humans and nature. The study concludes that although traditional motifs remain visually preserved, the practice of natural dyeing using NTFPs has largely disappeared, with all weavers relying exclusively on synthetic dyes, indicating a significant loss of traditional ecological knowledge and a disconnection from local natural resources.
Species diversity and quality of planting stocks in selected tree seedling nurseries in Leyte, Philippines
Abstract. Magno R, Peque DP, Oclarit JB. 2025. Species diversity and quality of planting stocks in selected tree seedling nurseries in Leyte, Philippines. Asian J For 9: 221-231. Smallholder nurseries are essential in supporting reforestation programs in the Philippines, especially under the National Greening Program (NGP). However, stock diversity and quality are overlooked when planting, and long-term restoration efforts can be put at risk. This study examined ten community-based nurseries across Leyte, Philippines, focusing on the range of species they grow, the physical quality of their seedlings, and how they operate. Species were inventoried and assessed using diversity indices (Shannon, Evenness, Similarity), while destructive sampling of 111 seedlings helped evaluate root-shoot balance, sturdiness, and root formation. Across all nurseries, 26 tree species were recorded, with a strong preference for native species such as Pterocarpus indicus (narra) and Shorea contorta (white lauan). The SUFA nursery showed the highest species diversity (H? = 1.90), and UFAB had the most balanced species distribution (E = 0.95). However, 8 out of 10 nurseries (80%) produced seedlings with physical defects like J-rooting, overgrowth, and poor root-shoot ratios—factors that can reduce survival and growth once planted in the field. These findings emphasize the real-world risk of using low-quality planting stocks in reforestation projects. To improve outcomes, we recommend stronger nursery accreditation systems, better access to native seeds, and capacity-building efforts to help nursery operators produce high-quality, ecologically resilient planting materials.
Analysis of productivity from four stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) and forages in urban forest, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Budiaman, Rahman AF, Nurhayati, Jumadi NH, Khatima K, Prastiyo A. 2025. Analysis of productivity from four stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) and forages in urban forest, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 144-151. Non-timber forest products that are widely used by the community as additional income and are easy to do are stingless bee cultivation (meliponiculture). The productivity of stingless bees in several species is still not widely studied, and it is important to know the potential of stingless bee species that can be used for honey production and other products. This study aimed to compare the productivity of four stingless bees in the urban forest (Awani Bee Garden), South Sulawesi. The analysis used in this study was One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and descriptive analysis. The results showed that Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell, 1911) had the highest productivity in the number of honey pots (50.50±6.97), number of brood cells (601.22±59.71), honey production (15.72±1.35 g), and propolis production (29.01±1.99 g). In contrast, Tetragonula sarawakensis (Schwarz, 1937) had the lowest productivity. Nest temperature was strongly related to productivity parameters, namely, the number of honey pots (0.853), the number of brood cells (0.857), honey production (0.942), and propolis production (0.956), while nest humidity had a weak relationship. PCA analysis showed that nest temperature, honey production, propolis production, and number of brood cells dominated PC1 (74.1%), with T. sapiens close to optimal productivity. The availability of 27 species of forage plants, which are important sources of nectar, pollen, and resin for the bees, supported these results, such as Mangifera indica L. and Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. Of the four types of stingless bees studied, the best cultivated in the urban forest area was T. sapiens species, with almost all the highest production. These results emphasize the importance of managing nest conditions and feed diversity in supporting stingless bee productivity.
Distribution and habitat mapping of key fauna species in other land use for biodiversity offset
Abstract. Hernawan E, Rosmiati M, Lastini T, Kandar M. 2024. Distribution and habitat mapping of key fauna species in other land use for biodiversity offset. Asian J For 9: 124-136. Despite their status as non-forest and non-conservation areas, other land use areas (APL), especially those adjacent to forests, are still habitats for wildlife, including key animals or essential ecosystems that are ecologically important for biological conservation as animal boundaries or as protectors of conservation areas. The existence of key animal habitats or essential ecosystems underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive biodiversity action plan (BAP) for APLs. The APLs are geographically dispersed nationwide to address diverse external needs beyond forestry. Some APLs are situated on Mount Tenggamus in Lampung Province, Sumatra Island, and on Mount Latimojong in South Sulawesi Province, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. This research aims to find out the distribution of key animals in other land uses as a basis for controlling land use for sustainability. The research method used is vegetation analysis based on elevation, presence of animals, and distribution mapping using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC). The results showed that degraded and deforested ecosystems dominated both APLs. Some key species are confined to APLs, where their habitats have been fragmented by agricultural land use. This results in limited home ranges and the possibility of inbreeding, which will reduce the survivability of offspring. In addition, due to human pressure, including hunting, key animals in OLs are at risk of extinction. Immediate protection measures are essential to prevent this.
Empowering women for biodiversity conservation in Mt. Lantoy Key Biodiversity Area Argao, Cebu, Philippines
Abstract. Lillo EP, Alcazar SM, Malaki AB, Cutillas AL, Chavez MLM, Abejo Iii MR, Cañarijo Iii DM, Redoblado BR, Margate MA, Diaz JL, Mago JE, Belanizo J, Beceril R, Revillas MJ, Davirao C, Obando ME, Diaz GGG, Gonzaga CF, Cagara BN, Dano VL. 2025. Empowering women for biodiversity conservation in Mt. Lantoy Key Biodiversity Area Argao, Cebu, Philippines. Asian J For 9: 137-143. Women play a vital role in agricultural production and natural resource management. However, they often face barriers that limit their decision-making power and leadership in environmental initiatives. This study investigates the role of gender in biodiversity conservation, focusing on women’s participation, practices, challenges, and perceptions in the Mt. Lantoy Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) in Argao, Cebu, Philippines. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research employed structured surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with the same respondents to cross-check results. The findings reveal that while women are actively involved in daily resource use such as household provisioning and small-scale farming, only 36.7% have participated in formal conservation activities like tree planting and community cleanups. Societal expectations, including caregiving and household responsibilities, significantly constrain their involvement, alongside a lack of specialized training and limited access to decision-making platforms. Despite these challenges, respondents expressed strong support for women’s leadership in conservation, recognizing its potential to improve ecological outcomes and community resilience. The study emphasizes the need for gender-responsive strategies in local and national policies, such as flexible participation schedules, capacity-building programs, and mechanisms to recognize women’s contributions to conservation. Empowering women through targeted reforms and inclusive governance can enhance biodiversity conservation in the Mt. Lantoy KBA, contributing to goals like food security, climate adaptation, and poverty reduction.
Potential aboveground carbon storage in the community forest area of Tawangmangu, Karanganyar District, Indonesia
Abstract. Setyasih DMD, Putri RAS, Raharjo YAA, Izdihar RS, Kusumaningrum L, Setyawan AD. 2025. Potential aboveground carbon storage in the community forest area of Tawangmangu, Karanganyar District, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 108-114. Forests are ecologically significant landscapes characterized by tree cover and high biodiversity. They play an important role in carbon sequestration and storage, contributing to climate regulation. Tawangmangu sub-district with its significant portion of forest land holds considerable potential for carbon sequestration. This study aims to assess the carbon storage potential and tree species composition in three villages within the Tawangmangu sub-district—Plumbon, Nglebak, and Sepanjang. Data were collected using a random sampling technique, with 20 plots (20 × 20 m) established at each site. Data such as identification of species and the circumference of each tree were measured. The collected data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, biomass index, and carbon storage potential. A total of 30 tree species from 18 families were identified across the three villages, with the Fabaceae family being the most dominant. The species diversity index (H') values were 2.147 for Plumbon, 1.278 for Nglebak, and 2.456 for Sepanjang, indicating moderate species diversity and relatively stable ecosystem productivity. Biomass calculations revealed values of 462.81 kg/ha in Plumbon, 807.28 kg/ha in Nglebak, and 145.13 kg/ha in Sepanjang. Corresponding carbon stock estimates were 212,892 kg in Plumbon, 371,348 kg in Nglebak, and 66,759 kg in Sepanjang. The data indicate a positive correlation between biomass and carbon stock values. The variation in carbon storage across sites is likely influenced by species composition and site-specific ecological factors affecting carbon sequestration efficiency.
Estimating forest above ground biomass in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
Abstract. Bao HD, Huong NTT. 2025. Estimating forest above ground biomass in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. Asian J For 9: 115-123. Accurately estimating forest Above Ground Biomass (AGB) is essential for assessing carbon stocks, monitoring forest health, and guiding sustainable management practices. This study examined the potential of Landsat 8 satellite imagery for AGB estimation in Dak Lak Province, located in Vietnam's Central Highlands. Field data collected from 415 sample plots across diverse forest types including evergreen broadleaf, semi-deciduous, and dry dipterocarp forests revealed AGB values ranging from 15.16 to 299.33 tons/ha. Multivariate linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) models were applied to predict AGB using spectral bands and vegetation indices derived from Landsat 8 imagery. The MLR model demonstrated limited predictive capability (R² = 0.131), indicating that linear relationships between spectral data and AGB were insufficient to capture the system's complexity. In contrast, the RF model exhibited superior predictive performance, achieving an R² of 0.653 and a concordance R² of 0.571 when using spectral bands alone. Incorporating vegetation indices alongside spectral bands further improved the RF model’s accuracy (R² = 0.671, concordance R² = 0.586). Spatial analysis revealed considerable variability in AGB across forest types, with evergreen broadleaf forests exhibiting the highest biomass values. These findings highlight the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing and machine learning for cost-effective biomass estimation. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for such approaches in forest management and climate change mitigation efforts in tropical regions, including Vietnam.
The effect of lateral bank erosion on the mangrove channel of Langkawi Island, Malaysia
Abstract. Hashim SS, Abd Aziz KN, Tajam J, Mohd FA, Roslani MA, Kamaruddin SA, Latif ZA, Maulud KNA, Ahmad A, Azahary WAHWM. 2025. The effect of lateral bank erosion on the mangrove channel of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Asian J For 9: 97-107. Mangrove forests, essential marine ecosystems that support marine life and economic activities, face threats from natural factors like monsoon seasons and artificial threats of human interventions. The extent of mangroves in channels depends on the hydrological properties of lateral erosion, necessitating a thorough assessment for conservation. This study utilizes erosion pins to observe lateral bank erosion in two different scenes of mangrove channels within Langkawi Island; the pristine (Selat Tuba) and the eventful channel (Sg. Kilim). Findings reveal varying erosion rates (0.03-0.62 m/year) in Sg. Kilim due to monsoon seasons and human activity influences, while Selat Tuba remains stable throughout the monsoon seasons with a ratio of 2.7:1. The study categorizes eroded banks into four distinct types based on erosion patterns across the upper, middle, and lower sections. The spatial differences in erosion types that influence the bank's conditions emphasize the need for tailored conservation approaches. Statistical analyses highlight significant variations in lateral erosion rates in Sg. Kilim underscores the impact of uncontrolled tourism activities. Sustainable management efforts should be prioritized to mitigate lateral erosion, especially in Selat Tuba, where human activities may exacerbate the issue in the future. This research provides valuable insights for coastal resource management, emphasizing the crucial role of maintaining mangrove channel bank stability.
Review: Ethno-mycological perception towards wood ear fungi (Auricularia spp.) in and around the Indian Subcontinent
Abstract. Giri S, Paul P, Pradhan P. 2025. Review: Ethno-mycological perception towards wood ear fungi (Auricularia spp.) in and around the Indian Subcontinent. Asian J For 9: 82-96. The genus Auricularia, commonly called wood ear fungi, is a notable group of basidiomycetes valued for their culinary, medicinal, and nutraceutical properties. These fungi, widely distributed across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, play a crucial ecological role as saprophytes and potential plant parasites. Domesticated for over 2,000 years in East Asia, Auricularia spp. has been integral to traditional Chinese medicine, treating ailments such as sore throats, ophthalmia, and staphylococcal infections. Their bioactive compounds exhibit antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and immune-enhancing properties, with Auricularia auricula-judae is notable for its lovastatin content, beneficial in managing hypercholesterolemia. In the Indian subcontinent, Auricularia spp. hold significant ethnomycological value, particularly among indigenous communities in the Northeastern states, as well as in Bhutan and Nepal. However, their usage varies, with communities of Tibeto-Burman language family integrating them deeply into culinary and medicinal practices, while communities of Austro-Asiatic language family remain less familiar. This disparity in use is influenced by factors such as cultural practices, availability, and the transmission of traditional knowledge. Despite their economic potential, commercial cultivation in the region is underdeveloped, contrasting with China’s dominance in global Auricularia production. With improved cultivation techniques, awareness, and market strategies, these fungi could bolster rural economies. The present review explores the ethno-mycological perception towards the genus Auricularia in and around the Indian sub-continent, highlighting their cultural, medicinal, and economic significance.
The market of forest payments for environmental services in Vietnam after fifteen years of its implementation
Abstract. Pham TL, Mai TTX, Ngo T. 2025. The market of forest payments for environmental services in Vietnam after fifteen years of its implementation. Asian J For 9: 75-81. Sustainable development is a core concern for most countries and entities across the globe despite the fact that there is a trade-off between environmental sustainability and economic growth. Many countries are focusing on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as SDG11: Sustainable cities and communities, SDG14: Life below water, and SDG15: Life on land. Meanwhile, the people still face challenges like unemployment and poverty, worsened by the recent pandemic. Innovative tools like Payments for Environmental Services (PES) have gained importance, and Vietnam was the first ASEAN country to implement forest PES (FPES) in 2008. Over the past 15 years, despite its achievements, such as raising individual income and government budget generation, some challenges still persist, including administrative inefficiencies and market inequalities. This study re-examined the development of Vietnam's FPES market, highlighting its contributions to the national and provincial budgets, forest protection, and cash income for forest owners. Importantly, the study also analyzed the society's awareness and knowledge of the FPES market, particularly in terms of market participants and price mechanism. We found that ongoing improvements in official training and education, as well as market mechanisms, are needed to enhance public awareness and participation in the FPES market. The integration of poverty alleviation and (forest) environmental protection in Vietnam is a collective responsibility, and this study aims to engage the audience in this crucial task.
Traditional medicinal plants used by To Bungku Ethnic in Morowali District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Pitopang R, Asrun, Banilai PAS, Sangadji MN, Mertosono S. 2025. Traditional medicinal plants used by To Bungku Ethnic in Morowali District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 45-52. Plants play an imperative role in the well-being of human being as they deliver the fundamental needs of mankind, that is, food, shelter, clothing, and medicines. They also provide the basis for centuries-old traditional medicinal systems. The objective was to explore species of medicinal plants used in Sakita Village, Bungku Tengah, Central Sulawesi including information about the parts used, method of use, and habitus. Data were collected through direct observation, participatory observation, interview, and literature review. A snowball method was used to obtain appropriate respondents, including village, custom (adat), traditional (sando), and religious leaders, rattan and dammar collectors, as well as farmers. The collection and photography of all samples of medicinal plants were conducted, followed by their identification at the Laboratory of Plant Biosystematics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and the Herbarium Celebense (CEB), Tadulako University. The results showed that there were 37 species of plants, consisting of 26 families used as traditional medicine by To Bungku ethnic. The family widely used is Zingiberaceae (4 species) then followed by Euphorbiaceae (3 species), Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Asteraceae, and Myrtaceae with 2 species. Furthermore, methods of use included boiling, pounding, consuming directly, squeezing, spreading, and chewing. The organs mostly used were leaves, stems, bark, fruit, and rhizomes, with the highest percentage being leaves at 51%. The percentage of plants with the highest use was tofu-tofu (Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D. Specht) at 100% and the lowest was benalu (Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour) Van Tieng) at only 16%.
Species diversity of Araceae in Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center and Arroceros Forest Park, Manila, Philippines
Abstract. Brillo SC, Banogon JDA, Aguila NAA, Mones JRM. 2025. Species diversity of Araceae in Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center and Arroceros Forest Park, Manila, Philippines. Asian J For 9: 34-44. Green spaces in urbanized areas are crucial for biodiversity conservation. However, cultivation can influence plant diversity and the ecosystem. Araceae is a plant family usually planted in these areas due to its appeal and adaptability. Despite this, exotic species are often planted without considering their potential effects on ecosystems. This study aimed to create a checklist of aroids in Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center (NAWPC) and Arroceros Forest Park (AFP), Manila, Philippines. This study was achieved through an opportunistic, descriptive botanical inventory design. Twenty-five species across 10 genera, namely Aglaonema, Alocasia, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, Epipremnum, Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, Thaumatophyllum, and Typhonium were identified. Twenty-two and 10 species occur in NAPWC and AFP, respectively. Seven species are native, 12 species are introduced, and 6 species are naturalized. The species surveyed varied in morphology and habitat preference. Epipremnum pinnatum and Typhonium blumei were the most abundant. Aglaonema commutatum, Syngonium spp., and Alocasia macrorrhizos were considered site specific. Introduced species like Dieffenbachia seguine and Philodendron ‘Lemon Lime’ reflected human cultivation preferences. Additionally, Jaccard index of 0.4 presents a moderate similarity of Aroid species between sites. The findings highlight the underrepresentation of native aroids and prioritizing these species can promote biodiversity and sustainability in urban environments.
Analysis of the potential bamboo and bamboo processing industry in Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Al’afifah JA, Sumardi I, Darwis A. 2025. Analysis of the potential bamboo and bamboo processing industry in Sumedang District, West Java, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 24-33. Bamboo production in Sumedang District in 2016 reached 1,599,056 culms. This relatively high production does not align with the popularity of its bamboo processing industry. In contrast, Tasikmalaya District, which has a similar level of bamboo productivity, has become one of the centers of the bamboo industry in West Java. Therefore, this research aims to identify the current potential of bamboo, identify the potential of the bamboo industry, and determine strategies for developing the bamboo industry in Sumedang District. The identification of the potential and availability of bamboo is conducted through mixed quantitative-qualitative method analysis obtained from interviews with Forestry Department Branch IX West Java, Indonesia. In contrast, the identification of the potential of the bamboo industry is done through qualitative descriptive analysis and value added analysis using the Hayami method based on data from interviews with bamboo industry players. Industry development strategies are determined using SWOT analysis. Findings indicate Sumedang has 126,210 bamboo culms, with 3,505 available for monthly harvest. Only 73% of the harvestable bamboo, or 2,565 culms monthly, is utilized. The local bamboo industry is predominantly home-based with minimal production capacity, using basic tools to create low-priced products. The added value ranges from 0-97%, with low profit margins, and competition from substitute products hinders market competitiveness. To develop the industry, intensive strategies are needed, including product diversification and innovation, market penetration, and accessing global markets.
Diversity and biomass of understory vegetation which might increase fire risk in Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Metananda AA, Suhubdy, Mertha IG, Soekardono, Afrianto WF, Ar NH. 2025. Diversity and biomass of understory vegetation which might increase fire risk in Mount Rinjani National Park, Lombok Island, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 68-75. Human activities in the grassland surrounding Mount Rinjani National Park (MRNP), Lombok Island, Indonesia are prevalent, increasing the susceptibility to fires during the dry season. This study assessed the diversity and biomass of understory species which might enhance the risk of fires in the MRNP. Data collection on species diversity was carried out through exploration (non-plot) and creation of 120 sampling plots in Sikur and Sembalun Sub-district In total, there were 263 species of the understory plants were identified, comprising 71% herbs, 26% shrubs, and 3% lianas. Poaceae and Asteraceae had the largest number of genus and species with the dominance of pioneer species Themeda triandra, suggesting that the grasslands in MRNP have not yet reached climax. This species was among the most preferred natural grasses for grazing cows at the study location, indicating intricate relationship between local communities and grassland ecosystem in the MRNP. Over a span of two years, the dry biomass in the area can reach a thickness of 10 cm, with an estimated weight of 5.7 Mg ha-1. The accumulation of high amount of dry biomass poses high risk of fires. The findings of this study offer a substantial foundation for comprehensive interventions in ecosystem management and forest fire risk mitigation, as well as supporting more planned and sustainable conservation efforts.
Land use direction based on landslide susceptibility levels in the Rongkong Watershed, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Tirsyayu T, Soma AS, Paembonan SA. 2025. Land use direction based on landslide susceptibility levels in the Rongkong Watershed, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 53-67. Landslides, a common natural disaster in Indonesia, cause significant material and non-material losses. Mitigation efforts, including the provision of accurate information about landslide-prone areas and appropriate land-use recommendations, are crucial for minimizing their impact. This study, which analyzed landslide susceptibility using the frequency ratio method integrated with GIS technology, provides confidence in its methodology. The research, which began with data collection on landslide occurrences through imagery, identified 388 landslide points. These data were divided into two groups: validation data (20%) and training data (80%). The validation process, using the ROC curve, yielded an AUC value of 0.81, indicating the effectiveness of the frequency ratio method in predicting landslide occurrences in the Rongkong Watershed, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study revealed that parameters such as rainfall, slope gradient, land cover, elevation, lithology, curvature, and slope aspect significantly influence landslides in the Rongkong Watershed. In contrast, parameters such as distance from rivers, distance from roads, and NDVI had less influence. The study's findings, which classified landslide susceptibility levels as very high (1.32%), high (29.05%), and moderate (25.70%) based on the total area of the Rongkong Watershed, are of significant importance. They suggest that land use in areas with very high and high susceptibility should be designated for conservation or protected zones. In comparison, areas with moderate susceptibility can be utilized for limited and controlled cultivation, such as implementing agroforestry systems.
Developing a mud crab ecotourism business model in the mangrove forest ecosystems of Belitong UNESCO Global Geopark, Indonesia
Abstract. Mahbubi A, Fatoni A, Iskandar. 2025. Developing a mud crab ecotourism business model in the mangrove forest ecosystems of Belitong UNESCO Global Geopark, Indonesia. Asian J For 9: 13-23. The traditional mud crab business model, which involves trading fresh mud crabs, exhibits limited sustainability, particularly in the Belitong UNESCO Global Geoparks (Belitong UGGp) mangrove area. Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798) is more abundant than Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775) and other mud crab species in the Belitong UGGp. This study aims to develop a mud crab ecotourism business model within the Belitong UGGp mangrove forest ecosystem. This study employs a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with mud crab catchers and mangrove forest tourists, as well as focus group discussions with Belitong UGGp management, the Indonesian Tourism Association, and the tourism and creative economy office of the Belitong District Government. The data analysis in this study used content analysis involving the Business Model Canvas (BMC), empathy map, and value innovation framework. The qualitative analysis procedure covered the phases of data condensation, presentation, and conclusion or verification. The reliability of the study, tested using the kappa coefficient, yielded an excellent score of 0.81. Promoting innovation in business models involves creating diverse products and mud crab ecotourism programs, such as culinary offerings, snacks, souvenirs, educational tours, and tracking; fostering activities, such as mud crab processing; and establishing resources, such as mud crab galleries. In addition, it will enhance customer relationships and stakeholder collaboration, reduce the trade of fresh mud crabs with consumers outside the region, and eliminate small mud crab fishing.
Diversity, structure, and carbon storage of Rau catchment forest reserve in Moshi District, Tanzania
Abstract. Mwakalukwa EE, Masisi B. 2024. Diversity, structure, and carbon storage of Rau catchment forest reserve in Moshi District, Tanzania. Asian J For 9: 1-11. The effects of anthropogenic activities and the dominance of exotic tree species on the Rau Catchment Forest Reserve (RCFR) in Moshi District, northern Tanzania, have been poorly documented. This study assessed (i) the current status of species composition, stand structure, and diversity, (ii) threats to biodiversity posed by anthropogenic activities and exotic tree species, and (iii) the carbon stock of RCFR. Data were gathered from 45 circular sample plots, identifying 29 woody plant species. The forest exhibited high woody species diversity (H’=2.91), with a density of 185±81 stems ha-1, a standing volume of 405.75±227.16 m3 ha-1, and a basal area of 23.05±12.37 m2 ha-1. Evidence of human activities, particularly tree cutting and the dominance of exotic species, was prevalent, with illegal harvesting affecting 23 species. The mean above-ground and below-ground carbon stocks were estimated at 107.48±61.28 Mg C ha-1 and 21.50±12.26 Mg C ha-1, respectively. The high diversity of woody species suggests that the forest may be recovering from past illegal logging. However, the increasing dominance of exotic species highlights the urgent need for measures to control their spread.
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Undergrowth vegetation in the riparian zone of the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia and its potential uses
Abstract. Saputra AF, Utomo AN, Pramesthi AZ, Madjid AA, Sulton MN, Dewangga A, Setyawan AD. 2024. Undergrowth vegetation in the riparian zone of the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia and its potential uses. Asian J For 8: 194-206. Riparian zone is the transitional zone between terrestrial water and land ecosystems, and an important part of river ecosystem. In riparian zone, the presence of vegetation, ranging from trees to undergrowth, is important to maintain ecosystem functions. Undergrowth vegetation in riparian zone is also widely utilized by local people for various purposes. This study aimed to determine the understory vegetation in riparian zone of the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia and its potential use in the community. This research was conducted in three stations, i.e., Giriwono Village, Wonogiri District for the upstream, Sidowarno Village, Klaten District for the middle stream, and Gadingan Village, Sukoharjo District for the downstream. Data collection used transect method with size of 2×2 for seedlings and herbaceous plants and 5×5 plots for saplings and shrubs, each with five replications at each station. The study documented 78 species from 38 families of undergrowth vegetation across the three riparian locations. The vegetation diversity index (H') studied across the three stations is included in the medium category. The plant with the highest Index of Important Value (IVI) for seedlings and herbaceous plants was Chromolaena odorata with 15.56%, while that for saplings and shrubs was Bambusa blumeana with 47.74%. The higher elevation in the upstream (Wonogiri District) led to higher soil temperatures, while the midstream (Klaten District) had a more acidic soil pH and the highest air humidity. In the downstream (Sukoharjo District), high humidity due to proximity to the river, led to lower soil temperatures. Riparian vegetation along the Upper Bengawan Solo River also has diverse potentials with the dominance of medicinal uses, while other plants are used as animal feed, ornamental plants, food ingredients, and others.
Natural regeneration of woody species in Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis stands in Anguédédou, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Abstract. Kouadio KR, Kougbo MD, Touré SG, Coulibaly B, N’guessan AK, Bakayoko A. 2024. Natural regeneration of woody species in Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis stands in Anguédédou, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Asian J For 8: 174-183. In the current context of climate change, forest landscape restoration is promoted to reverse forest ecosystem degradation. In Côte d'Ivoire, leguminous plants, notably Australian Acacias, have been introduced since 1980 at Anguédédou to restore the fertility of degraded farmland. The introduction of Acacias was seen as a potential disturbance to the local flora, as these non-native species are sometimes invasive. However, observation of these Acacia-based landscapes revealed good regeneration of woody species. The aim of this study was to assess the natural regeneration of woody plants under Acacias stands and its relation with stand ages. We assessed the floristic composition and studied the dynamics of natural regeneration of local woody species in four Acacia stands as a function of age. The results showed that the most widespread family of naturally regenerating plants in Acacia stands is Fabaceae. We noted an increase in the number of species as a function of stand age. The number of species rose from 20 (3-year-old stand) to 51 (27-year-old stand), with 28 species and 24 species in the 8-year-old and 11-year-old stands respectively. In all stands, mesophanerophytes represent the dominant plant life form. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of natural regeneration increased from 1.66±0.44 (3-year-old Acacia stand) to 2.45±0.36 (27-year-old Acacia stand). In contrast, as the Acacia stands aged, the regeneration index decreased, with values of 1 (for the 3-year-old and 8-year-old Acacia stands), 0.94 (for the 11-year-old Acacia stand) and 0.81 (for the 27-year-old Acacia stand). This study shows that Acacias improve the local flora by promoting natural regeneration and the development of woody species.
Contribution of deadwood and forest soil to carbon sequestration in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Abstract. Lamichhane U, Ghimire P. 2024. Contribution of deadwood and forest soil to carbon sequestration in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Asian J For 8: 158-164. Deadwood and forest soil are essential components of forest ecosystems, significantly contributing to carbon (C) sequestration and climate change mitigation. This study evaluated the condition of deadwood in Chitwan National Park (CNP) and assessed the carbon sequestration potential of both deadwood and forest soil. Using the line transect method, we assessed standing and fallen deadwood, along with soil analysis. Soil samples were collected by incremental depth (0-15 and 16-30 cm). Deadwood classes were categorized into three density classes—sound, intermediate, and rotten—based on wood hardness. The study found that the total volume and biomass of deadwood were 24.66 m³ ha?¹ and 12.84 t ha?¹, respectively, with a total carbon stock of 6.43 t ha?¹. Carbon stock was primarily concentrated in the intermediate class for both standing (40.57%) and fallen deadwood (43.01%). A significant difference was found between total carbon stocks in standing and fallen deadwood (p<0.003) in CNP forest. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) in CNP was measured at 69.64 t ha?¹ up to a 30 cm soil depth. An independent t-test revealed a significant difference in average SOC between the two soil layers (p<0.001). Thus, the development and implementation of regional plans for deadwood management are necessary in Chitwan National Park.
Inclusivity in decentralized forest management and its effects on economic resilience and nature sustainability in East Central Tanzania
Abstract. Ngowi NJ. 2024. Inclusivity in decentralized forest management and its effects on economic resilience and nature sustainability in East Central Tanzania. Asian J For 8: 165-173. Inclusivity plays a crucial role in engaging all members of society in efforts to reduce risks to their welfare while maximizing the environmental sustainability of natural resources. However, decentralized forest management systems often fail to demonstrate well the connection between inclusivity and balanced decision-making, especially when it comes to evaluating the state of environmental sustainability and the well-being of local communities. This study sought to bridge this gap by examining the effects of inclusivity on economic resilience and nature sustainability in decentralized Ihombwe forest in east-central Tanzania (ECT) over the period from 2021 to 2022. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was employed, including a household survey of 56 carefully chosen families, focus group discussions, and document analysis, to gain a deeper understanding of inclusivity, economic welfare, and sustainability within the Ihombwe forest in ECT, as well as the key driving factors. The results showed a steady decline in the benefits of increased access to forest resources; this did not translate into improved outcomes for the community’s welfare or the forest's environmental sustainability. These findings reveal a complex relationship where inclusivity and access alone might not be enough to encourage sustainable development. However, they offer theoretical insights and policy recommendations aimed at fostering greater inclusivity in decentralized forest management frameworks to improve both forest conservation and the welfare of local populations in the ECT.
Phenology, diversity, community characteristics, and regeneration status of an endangered tree, Aquilaria malaccensis in homegarden of Tripura, Northeast India
Abstract. Chowdhury BD, Debnath A, Debnath B. 2024. Phenology, diversity, community characteristics, and regeneration status of an endangered tree, Aquilaria malaccensis in homegarden of Tripura, Northeast India. Asian J For 8: 136-146. The present study was conducted in 90 tropical homegarden (HG) from 18 selected villages in Northeast India for the assessment of various ecological parameters of the agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) agroecosystem. Vegetation was studied using the quadrat method. Our result shows that all the HGs are important sources of forest genetic repositories. Phenological observation showed initiation of the reproductive phases is strongly correlated with the monsoon period in the state. The result also bared a total of 207 plant species to 186 genera, and 98 families were recorded. The A. malaccensis is accounting 100% frequency, and 823 individual ha-1 of the total tree density of 1635 ha-1. The A. malaccensis contributed 26.17 m2/ha of total basal area of woody species 89.59 m2/ha. The ecological indices showed that the distribution of various woody species in homegardens is even and consistent. In different woody species, the Important Value Index (IVI) of A. malaccensis was the highest, followed by Areca catechu, Mangifera indica, and Litchi chinensis. The findings also showed that Poaceae is the dominant herbaceous family with 18 species, followed by Asteraceae and Areceae. The population structure of agarwood trees showed good regeneration status. The result clearly showed that the homegardens of NE India could serve as a valuable tool for the on-farm conservation of A. malaccensis and other associated commercially important plants' genetic diversity in this region. Sustainable uses and declaration of the agarwood tree as an agricultural crop could help to conserve these critically endangered taxa and promote the rural economy.