Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects of biotechnology, especially from tropical regions, that emphasize issues germane to improve human life, includes cell biochemistry, enzymes and proteins, applied genetics and molecular biotechnology, genomics and proteomics, applied microbiology and cell physiology, environmental biotechnology, improvement of crop productivity, public health and waste management, as as well as product formation and manipulation of biological processes for use in the agricultural, pharmaceutical biotechnology and allied industries.
Chemopreventive effects of Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum via p53 modulation in AOM-induced colon cancer
Abstract. Okelola CA, Ezima EN, Odufuwa KT, Adegbesan BO, Abisoye SB, Okelola TC. 2025. Chemopreventive effects of Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum via p53 modulation in AOM-induced colon cancer. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 56-63. Colon cancer is a major global health concern and is often associated with mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as p53. While chemotherapy remains the mainstay treatment, its side effects highlight the need for safer plant-based alternatives. Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum are medicinal plants with reported antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. This study aimed to evaluate the chemopreventive effects of aqueous extracts of these plants on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats, with emphasis on p53 modulation. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: positive control (PC, no AOM), negative control (NC, AOM only), and three treatment groups receiving AOM plus extract combinations at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Colon tissues were analyzed by histopathology and p53 gene expression was quantified using qRT-PCR. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and phenols in both extracts. Histological evaluation showed improved mucosal architecture and reduced dysplasia in treated groups compared with NC rats. Gene expression analysis revealed that AOM exposure upregulated p53 in the NC group, indicating genotoxic stress, whereas high-dose treatment (200 mg/kg) restored p53 expression to near-normal levels. These results suggest that the combined extracts reduce DNA damage, support tissue recovery, and suppress abnormal proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, aqueous extracts of M. charantia and O. basilicum demonstrate significant chemoprotective effects in AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis, likely mediated through p53 modulation. This study provides preclinical evidence supporting their potential as safe, phytotherapeutic candidates for colorectal cancer prevention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology
Artificial luwak coffee fermentation using submerged bioreactor and backslopping methods
Abstract. Wirawati CU, Winarto. 2025. Artificial luwak coffee fermentation using submerged bioreactor and backslopping methods. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 49-55. Luwak coffee is considered a special variant of coffee with a premium price tag. It is currently produced in extremely limited amounts through in vivo fermentation in the digestive tract of Asian palm civets, with the beans collected from droppings. To avoid the industrialization of civet in luwak coffee production, a bioreactor combine with backslopping methods is needed. Therefore, this study aims to develop a submerged bioreactor and to isolate and identify the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) involved in artificial luwak coffee fermentation. During the study procedures, cupping test quality was assessed, followed by the isolation and identification of the LAB. The fermentation process was guided by a central composite design (CCD), which included two independent variables: fermentation time (12-24 hours) and backslopping culture concentration (3-5%). The results demonstrate the higher cupping test score i.e., 80 was obtained from 12-hour fermentation with 5% culture concentration, which produced an astringent aftertaste, spicy-chili taste, and brown sugar flavor, leading to the classification of the product as specialty coffee. The research have successfully developed a bioreactor prototype that can be used at the farm level. This supports animal welfare and minimizes the industrialization of civets. The bioreactor is also potentially scalable for the in vitro processing of luwak coffee.
High macronutrient dietary composition modifies biophysical and biochemical indices in male Wistar rats
Abstract. Amballi AA, Olooto WE, Aladesusi MO, Ogunfolu IA, Onayemi AA. 2025. High macronutrient dietary composition modifies biophysical and biochemical indices in male Wistar rats. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 41-47. Nutrition is one of the most important factors to achieve and maintain a healthy status. This requires a balanced diet in terms of both the macronutrients and micronutrients. In Nigeria, there is a gradual transition from the traditional diet to Western diet. This is increasing the burden of non-communicable diseases and macronutrients play a major role. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of macronutrient composition on biophysical and biochemical indices using Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)) as a pilot study. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 26-46 g were randomly divided into 5 groups. Dietary composition was done, the rats were given feed and water ad libitum, weighing was done weekly for 8 weeks, and fasting blood samples were collected. Fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests were conducted. In this study, the macronutrient caused increased body weight across all the groups with highest increase in the High Fat Diet (HFD) group, a tendency to cause increased body weight or obesity. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was observed to increase significantly only in the HFD group, a tendency to cause Diabetes mellitus. A non-significant increase across the test groups was observed in the liver enzymes and total protein while a significant increase in albumin level was observed. However, no change was observed in the bilirubin levels across the test groups. A significant increase occurred in urea and creatinine in the HFD rats. Lipid profile in this study showed significant increase in triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein among HFD-fed rats. The atherogenic and coronary risk indices were also significantly increased in HFD fed rats. No significant difference in the electrolytes. This study showed that HFD can predispose to risk factors of non-communicable diseases. Liver and kidney functions are not significantly disrupted.
Molecular docking studies of phytochemicals from Triumfetta cordifolia and Spondias mombin against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
Abstract. Amos-Tautua BM, Ajoko IT, Bunu SJ. 2025. Molecular docking studies of phytochemicals from Triumfetta cordifolia and Spondias mombin against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 30-40. Triumfetta cordifolia A.Rich. and Spondias mombin Jacq. are plants with a long history of traditional use as anti-inflammatory agents are the subjects of this study. The study employs molecular docking to evaluate the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals identified by GC-MS from the leaf extracts of T. cordifolia and S. mombin against aspirin-acetylated cyclooxygenase-1 (PDB ID: 3N8Y) and celecoxib-bound COX-2 (PDB ID: 3LN1) using the Schrodinger suite. About six major phytochemical compounds including apigenin, catechin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and myricetin, were analyzed for their drug likeliness based on Lipinski's rule. All studied phytochemicals complied with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, indicating favorable drug-likeness and potential oral bioavailability. Molecular docking results revealed strong binding affinities, with apigenin (-8.66 kcal/mol) and catechin (-8.64 kcal/mol) exhibiting the highest binding scores for COX-1, surpassing diclofenac (-7.20 kcal/mol). Similarly, quercetin (-8.06 kcal/mol) and luteolin (-8.14 kcal/mol) demonstrated strong interactions with COX-2, outperforming aspirin (-6.47 kcal/mol). Ligand-protein interaction analysis confirmed the presence of key hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, reinforcing the stability of these compounds within the active sites of COX enzymes. These findings underscore the strong inhibitory potential of the phytochemicals from T. cordifolia and S. mombin possess strong inhibitory potential against COX-1 and COX-2, highlighting their promise as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Genomic, hormonal, and anthropometric factors as crucial contributors to male infertility in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria
Abstract. Amballi AA, Olooto WE, Kosoko OT, Owagboriaye FO. 2025. Genomic, hormonal, and anthropometric factors as crucial contributors to male infertility in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 16-22. The failure to get pregnant despite regular, unprotected sexual intercourse among couples has psychosocial and socioeconomic impacts. This study aims to investigate the contributions of anthropometric, genomic, and hormonal factors to male infertility. Hence, 48 infertile men and 12 men with proven fertility, aged from 26 to 55 years, were selected as cases and controls, respectively. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were done, Body Mass Index (BMI) was computed, and serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH), Luteinizing Hormones (LH), and testosterone were measured. Semen was obtained for seminal fluid analysis and phenotyping assay. There is no significant change in the anthropometric indicators (height, weight, BMI); 4.2% of the infertile men were normospermic, 20.8% were azoospermic, and 75% were oligospermic. There was an increase in FSH, LH, and testosterone in all the infertile subgroups and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in sperm count in infertile males. While 70% of sperm cells exhibited fast movement in the controls, sperm movement was 9.5, 5.5, and 15% normal, slow, and non-motile, respectively, among infertile men. The percentage of deletions in Azoospermia Factor a (AZFa) region using sY84 and sY86 was 66.7%, and none in the control group. It can be concluded that high plasma levels of gonadotrophins, low sperm count, and high levels of testosterone are pathognomonic of male infertility. While the deletion of AZFa region is conclusively indicative of infertility, its non-deletion does not conclusively indicate fertility; thus, factors other than hormonal abnormalities are associated with male infertility.
Diversity, abundance, and enzyme activity of Actinomycetes recovered from tropical freshwater sediment for potential biotechnological applications
Abstract. Ajuzieogu CA, Onu GO, Onyekachi EO. 2025. Diversity, abundance, and enzyme activity of Actinomycetes recovered from tropical freshwater sediment for potential biotechnological applications. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 23-29. Actinomycetes are a set of Gram-positive bacteria known for their ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and enzymes. This study assessed the diversity of Actinomycetes in tropical freshwater sediment and their amylase production potential. Sediment samples were obtained from four points (shore, middle, downstream, and upstream) within a tropical freshwater system. Physicochemical analysis, bacterial isolation, and enumeration were conducted following standard methods. Tentative identification of isolates was done using culture-dependent methods. Results showed that the sediment samples belonged to the loam soil textural class; upstream sediment recorded the highest pH and total organic carbon content (6.3 and 0.98%, respectively), and middle sediment recorded the highest nitrate content (9.632 mg/kg). In comparison, sediment from the shore recorded the lowest pH (5.70) and highest phosphate level (8.716 mg/kg). The highest total culturable heterotrophic counts were observed in sediment from the middle point. A total of 9 Actinomycetes species were recovered, out of which six (6) were positive for amylase activity. The isolates were tentatively identified as Micrococcus spp., Streptomyces sp., Streptomyces coelicolor, and Actinomyces viscosus. This study revealed that tropical freshwater sediments harbor a diverse and abundant bacterial community, particularly Actinomycetes, with possible potential for biotechnological exploration.
Bacterial diversity of Spheciospongia spp. from Rancabuaya Beach, West Java, Indonesia, using the NGS approach
Abstract. Srikandace Y, Wahhaab A, Rakhmat AF, Kamarisima, Putri SP, Aditiawati P. 2025. Bacterial diversity of Spheciospongia spp. from Rancabuaya Beach, West Java, Indonesia, using the NGS approach. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 7-15. For the first time, the bacterial community associated with Spheciospongia spp. from Rancabuaya Beach in Garut was identified using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). The study focused on the bacterial diversity present on the sponge's body surfaces (SEK1, SEK2), within their inner tissues (SEN1, SEN2), and in the surrounding seawater (SW). The results revealed that SW had the highest number of species, with 198 detected, followed by SEN2 and SEN1, with 193 and 165 species, respectively. In contrast, SEK1 and SEK2 contained 32 and 26 bacterial species, respectively. The analysis also showed that SW possessed the highest diversity and evenness indices at the genus level, with values of 2.95 and 0.79, respectively, indicating the absence of a dominant genus. Conversely, SEK1 and SEK2 exhibited low evenness indices (0.33 and 0.24) and low variety indices (0.80 and 0.54), indicating that the community lacks a balance of species. SEN1 and SEN2 demonstrated moderate genus diversity, but their evenness and dominance varied. The dominant phyla across all samples were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. Notably, the NGS method identified several actinomycete genera for the first time, including Micrococcus, Leucobacter, Egibacter, Lawsonella, Nakamurella, and Corynebacterium. A recent study confirmed that NGS provides a rapid, sensitive, and high-quality method for determining microbial communities.
Review: Phytochemical composition, biological activity, and health-promoting effects of Avicennia spp. (Avicenniaceae)
Abstract. Rahmania A, Revalitha AA, Mustika AB, Torimbanu AR, Nugroho GD, Md. Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2025. Review: Phytochemical composition, biological activity, and health-promoting effects of Avicennia spp. (Avicenniaceae) Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 96-108. Mangroves unique and valuable ecosystems, are groups of trees and shrubs that grow in coastal ecosystems exposed to tides. They play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and reducing the impact of coastal erosion. Mangroves are unique and valuable ecosystems because they provide coastal protection and carbon sequestration services. The genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) is a plant of mangrove consisting of eight species, namely A. bicolor, A. germinans, A. marina, A. officinalis, A. schaueriana, A. balanophora, A. integra, and A. alba, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal areas. What sets Avicennia spp. apart is their remarkable adaptability to extreme environmental conditions, making them a key player in coastal ecosystems. Mangroves, especially Avicennia spp., have been known to contain many potentials and benefits. These plants are important for coastal ecosystems and have significant pharmacological potential. This study aims to identify and compile the phytochemical composition, biological activity, and health-promoting effect of Avicennia spp.. There are 9 main phytochemical components: Alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and glycosides. In addition, there are also several biological activity properties of Avicennia species, namely as antioxidants, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic. Avicennia spp. also offers traditional and modern treatments using various ingredients. By providing a comprehensive review of Avicennia spp., this study will provide a solid foundation for further research development, clinical application, and sustainable utilization and open up new opportunities in the field of natural material-based health.
Beta hemolytic and beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strain of Lysinibacillus sphaericus isolated from a tea growing region of West Bengal, India
Abstract. Nandi S, Bhattacharya M. 2025. Beta hemolytic and beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant strain of Lysinibacillus sphaericus isolated from a tea growing region of West Bengal, India. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 22: 1-6. River water and soil are primary sources of bacteria. Some of them often acquire pathogenicity under stressful environmental conditions. Regarding the pathogenicity of a bacterium, hemolysin is the most virulence factor. In this study, 16 isolates possess beta-hemolytic abilities out of 32 isolated copper tolerant bacteria. One of the strains was identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus (NJCT1) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Lysinibacillus sphaericus is rarely pathogenic in humans but is known for its larvicidal and antagonistic activity in bacteremia-associated infections in immunocompromised patients. Kaljani River basin, the lifeline for the rapidly growing population in the tea-producing region of West Bengal, India, is the source of Gram-positive bacteria used in this study. Due to its pathogenic character, it can create a health problem for the locals if they use the river water frequently. The antibiotic susceptibility study, which involved testing the bacterial strain against a panel of commonly used antibiotics, showed that L. sphaericus (NJCT1) is resistant to 7 antibiotics (colistin, penicillin-g, amoxicillin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, rifampin, and methicillin). This bacterial strain exhibited resistance against the ?-lactam drug class, whereas complete susceptibility was recorded against drug classes like fluoroquinolones. As the most sensitive drug, fluoroquinolones could solve the problem caused by L. sphaericus isolated from the Kaljani River.
Effectiveness of antibiofilm Aspergillus niger cell-free supernatant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm
Abstract. Cahyakirana TD, Susilowati A, Pangastuti A. 2024. Effectiveness of antibiofilm Aspergillus niger cell-free supernatant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 89-95. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic gram-negative pathogenic-bacteria that can cause nosocomial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has several virulence factors that can cause infection, including its ability to form biofilms. Biofilm-forming bacteria can limit the penetration of antibiotics toward the microbes. These limitations make it challenging to treat biofilm-producing bacterial infections. Enzymes produced by Aspergillus niger with anti-biofilm activity include lactonase, ?-glucosidase, acylase, and oxidoreductase. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of A. niger against P. aeruginosa biofilms. The antibiofilm activity test consisted of a biofilm growth inhibition test and P. aeruginosa biofilm destruction test. The research method used was the microtiter plate biofilm assay. The results showed that CFS of A. niger had the ability to inhibit the growth and destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilms. In the biofilm growth inhibition test and biofilm destruction test, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) were 56 and 55.7% at 50% concentration, respectively. It was concluded that A. niger CFS had antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa biofilms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology
Hepatoprotective effect of Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatic damage in albino rats
Abstract. Boulaares I, Derouiche S, Guemari IY. 2024. Hepatoprotective effect of Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract against doxorubicin-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 68-74. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Ocimum basilicum L. aqueous extract (ObE) on hepatotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats. Standard procedures were used to extract bioactive compounds and to analyze phytochemical compounds quantitatively and qualitatively. The in-vivo study was performed using 15 female albino rats that were grouped into 3 groups (n=5): a control group, a doxorubicin-treated group (DOX), and a group co-treated with doxorubicin and O. basilicum aqueous extract (DOX + ObE). Various biochemical, enzymatic, and liver oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Phytochemical results demonstrated that the ObE contained highly phenolic compounds. The results of the in vivo study showed that the treatment of doxorubicin caused a significant decrease of WBC (P?0.01), lymphocyte (P?0.05), also a significant increase in GOT (p<0.05), CPK (p<0.001) and LDH (p<0.05) activities compared to control group/normal rats. In addition, doxorubicin-treated rats resulted in a significant decrease in GSH (p<0.01) and an increase in MDA (p<0.01), SOD (p<0.001), and GST (p<0.01) levels in liver cells compared to the control group. Treatment with ObE partially reversed all of the previously mentioned parameters. This study indicated that basil aqueous extract's antioxidant activity could protect the liver from the harmful effects of doxorubicin or the destructive effects of various liver diseases such as hepatitis or other drug hepatotoxicity.
Review: The potential of wader fish (Puntius spp.) as a source of food, medicine, and traditional use
Abstract. Zen HM, Nurcahyo FD, ‘Azizah HPN, Nurwulandari M, Naim DMd, Setyawan AD. 2024. Review: The potential of wader fish (Puntius spp.) as a source of food, medicine, and traditional use. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 75-88. Freshwater ecosystems rich in biodiversity are often inhabited by wader fish (Puntius spp.: Cyprinidae). Wader fish are omnivores, consuming various plankton and aquatic insects, and are typically found in river streams with relatively clear water and pH around 6.0-6.5. Its adaptive habitats, including rivers, lakes, and ponds, and widespread distribution from India to Southeast Asia make them critical elements in freshwater ecosystem sustainability. This study aims to maintain the availability of nutritious food, preserve traditional knowledge in medicine, and safeguard the population of wader fish for future generations. Morphological analysis is crucial for understanding wader fish's characteristics and phylogenetic relationships, with wader fish exhibiting diverse morphological traits, including unique body colors and structures. In Indonesia, Puntius consists of 33 species, classified into three subgenera: Puntius, Poropuntius, and Barbodes. Besides providing significant economic value, wader fish also play a crucial role in preventing community malnutrition. They are an essential protein source and offer various health benefits. The morphology of wader fish includes a compact body shape, flat head, and various colors and patterns on its body. As a nutritious food source, wader fish are rich in protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals that benefit humans. Additionally, the potential uses of wader fish in medicine are diverse, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and liver health benefits. wader fish
Lipase activity and identification of lipolytic bacteria from leather industrial liquid waste in Magetan Small Industrial Area, Indonesia
Abstract. Mehola JA, Setyaningsih R, Susilowati A. 2024. Lipase activity and identification of lipolytic bacteria from leather industrial liquid waste in Magetan Small Industrial Area, Indonesia. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 61-67. Lipolytic bacteria can produce the lipase enzyme, potentially a lipid biodegradation agent. The bacteria can be found in places that contain lots of fat, one of which is the leather industry wastewater. This research aimed to obtain lipolytic bacteria that have the potential as biodegradation agents and observe the lipase enzyme activity from small industrial lather wastewater in Magetan, Indonesia. This research was conducted in several steps, including isolation, screening, lipase enzyme activity assay, and identification of lipolytic bacteria. Isolation of lipolytic bacteria using minimal media enriched with olive oil. The screening of lipolytic bacteria was carried out using Rhodamine B agar, a method that has proven effective in such studies. The enzyme activity was determined using a spectrophotometric method, with p-nitrophenyl palmitate (p-NPP) as the substrate at ? = 410 nm. The lipolytic bacteria that exhibited high enzyme activity in each treatment were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene encoding sequence using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) on the NCBI website https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. The research showed significant findings; four isolates of lipolytic bacteria were discovered, each with unique characteristics. The highest lipase activity was observed in the form of crude enzyme. Further precipitation with ammonium sulfate revealed that isolate Q exhibited the highest enzyme activity among the other isolates in the 30-45% fraction. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that isolate Q shared a 100% similarity with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
Purification and characterization of cellulase from May beetle (Phyllophaga errans) gut
Abstract. Ezima EN, Adegbesan BO, Osonuga IO, Adefuye AO, Adepoju AR, Bello TH, Olalekan SO. 2024. Purification and characterization of cellulase from May beetle (Phyllophaga errans) gut. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 52-58. Cellulose constitutes a significant portion of plants' primary and secondary cell walls. Insects, traditionally believed to lack the ability to digest cellulose, have evolved distinctive strategies for cellulose degradation. May beetle (Phyllophaga errans LeConte, 1859) is herbivorous insects that feed on numerous plant species, including vegetables, maize plants, and other fresh food crops, causing a lot of damage to farm products. The ability of these beetles to thrive on plant diet may be due to the presence of highly effective cellulose digesting enzyme (cellulase) in their gut which aids the breaking down of cellulose into glucose. Therefore, this study focused on the extraction and purification of cellulase from the P. errans gut sourced from a farm in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Following the dissection and homogenization of the beetle's guts, cellulase isolation and purification were carried out utilizing techniques such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex G-200 and gel filtration using Sephacryl S-200 gel. The resulting pure cellulase from the gut of the P. errans exhibited a purification fold of 43.71 and a yield of 21.61% with a specific activity of 70.38 units/mg of protein. Characterization revealed the enzyme's native molecular weight of 24.6 kDa, Km (0.67 mM), and Vmax (192.31 mg/mL/min), with optimal activity observed at pH 9 and 70°C. The cellulase from the P. errans gut showcased distinctive characteristics that, if properly harnessed, could pave the way for practical applications in various industries, particularly in developing an efficient pesticide for pest management and environmental conservation.
The impacts of rock quarry activities on physicochemical and bacterial diversity of air in Akpuoha and Ishiagu communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Abstract. Agwaranze DI, Ogodo AC, Nwaneri CB. 2024. The impacts of rock quarry activities on physicochemical and bacterial diversity of air in Akpuoha and Ishiagu communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 33-40. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of rock mining (quarry) activities physicochemical and bacterial diversity of air in two communities, Akpuoha and Ishiagu of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The physicochemical parameters of the air were determined in situ using hand-held environmental sensor meters (Roca Raton, England), while the diversity of bacteria was determined using the settle plate technique. The results showed that temperature ranged from 28.5-33.4°C, Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ranged from 3.0-9.4 µg/m3, Particulate Matter (PM10) ranged from 3.0-9.6 µg/m3 and Carbon Oxides (COX) ranged from 3.2-8.9 µ/mol, in Ishiagu during the dry season. The same parameters were assessed in Akpuoha during the dry season with values of temperature ranging from 28.8-31.3°C, PM2.5 ranged from 4.2-8.7 µg/m3, PM10 ranged from 4.4-9.3 µg/m3 while COX ranged from 3.2-7.4 µ/mol. Values were observed to be highest nearest the quarries but decreased with distances away. The same pattern was observed for the parameters during the rainy seasons in both communities; however, lower values were obtained during the rainy season, with the quarry effects being limited to 100-200 m from the quarry edge. The dry season results indicated a more gradual slope extending to 200-300 m. The bacterial diversity of the air was determined and the bacterial physiological groups determined were Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC), Total Pathogenic Bacterial Count (TPBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), and Total Fecal Coliform (TFC). THBC at Ishiagu and Akpuoha in both seasons had the highest counts, followed by TCC and TPBC, while TFC was the least at each sampling distance. The counts decreased with distance from the Quarry site and increased with plate exposure time. Therefore, all quarry industries should be located away from the immediate vicinity of human settlements.
Phylogenetic relationship and biotechnological use potential of epiphytic Actinomycetota species isolated from seagrasses from the coast of Tanzania
Abstract. Mbusi LD, Lyantagaye SL, Lyimo TJ. 2024. Phylogenetic relationship and biotechnological use potential of epiphytic Actinomycetota species isolated from seagrasses from the coast of Tanzania. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 41-51. Actinomycetota, previously recognized as actinobacteria, has demonstrated considerable promise as a valuable reservoir of secondary metabolites with potential pharmaceutical applications. This study examined the diversity, antimicrobial properties, and cytotoxic effects of epiphytic Actinomycetota species isolated from the seagrasses Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium isoetifolium. Therefore, 12 strains of Actinomycetota were isolated through a process involving assessment of their morphological and biochemical characteristics, along with phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. The identified strains were associated with eight phylogenetic genera: Cellulosimicrobium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Leucobacter, Dietzia, and Micrococcus. The findings unveiled five potential new species within Actinomycetota. Seven of the 12 strains displayed antimicrobial effects against at least one human pathogen tested. Notably, the Microbacterium strain SIP6 exhibited extensive antimicrobial efficacy against all the pathogens under examination. Toxicity tests revealed that only two strains (Microbacterium (THP6) and Micrococcus (SIP14)) were nontoxic, with the lowest LC50 values of 3836.7 and 1243.4 ?g/mL, respectively, while the remaining extracts were toxic. This study marks the initial discovery of epiphytic Actinomycetota strains from seagrasses in the western Indian Ocean. The isolated epiphytic Actinomycetota strains, some of which are novel, showed potential for bioactive metabolites that hold promise for biotechnological use.
Sustainability assessment of rural biogas systems using a rapid appraisal method in Klaten District, Indonesia
The need for energy is increasing along with population growth and industrial progress. One of the renewable energy that can replace the need for fossil fuels is biogas. Mundu Village, Tulung District, Klaten Regency is one of the energy independent villages that has been managing livestock waste into biogas as an alternative to fuel since 2013. The purpose of this research is to analyze the status and multidimensional sensitive attributes of sustainability. This research was conducted in Mundu Village, Tulung District, Klaten Regency. The data used in this study consisted of primary data collected by means of a questionnaire addressed to 55 biogas users in Mundu Village, and supported by secondary data. Data analysis was performed using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) using a modification of rapfish with five dimensions, namely ecology, economy, social, technology, and institutions. The results of this study indicate that the status of biogas sustainability in Mundu Village as a whole is quite sustainable with an index value of 66.77. Each dimension of sustainability has several sensitive attributes which are determined based on the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of each attribute.
Isolation, identification, and characterization of heavy metal-resistant bacteria from soil samples collected at a cement company in Nigeria
Abstract. Martins AL, Silas TV, Abah MA, Adebisi AK, Sunday AM, Emochonne RY, Iheanacho CC. 2024. Isolation, identification, and characterization of heavy metal-resistant bacteria from soil samples collected at a cement company in Nigeria. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 26-32. Many heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, are produced during cement-making. Even in low quantities, most of the heavy metals released are known to be harmful to plants and animals. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize heavy metal-resistant bacteria from soil samples collected at Benue Cement Company, Nigeria. Soil samples taken near the Gboko facility of Nigerian cement manufacturer Benue Cement Plc were tested for heavy metal-resistant bacteria. Results from the study revealed that compared to other metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd), the concentration of copper and zinc was consistently quite high across all sites. The levels of all components examined were determined to be higher than the limits allowed by the World Health Organization In this study, Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Pb were found in soil samples taken from the Benue cement industry, according to the analysis of heavy metals. The results obtained from this study further revealed that out of 20 isolates only five (5) bacterial isolates, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Bacillus cereus, and Lactobacillus which showed high levels of heavy metal resistance were selected for further studies in secondary screening. Based on the biochemical tests, S. aureus reacted positively to catalase and coagulase test. They were also seen to ferment lactose, sucrose and glucose. The E. coli reacted negatively to citrate, catalase, coagulase tests, and did not ferment sucrose. However, the bacteria fermented lactose and glucose. Lactobacillus reacted positively to only citrate but fermented the three sugars. Proteus sp. fermented glucose and sucrose and also reacted positively to citrate, catalase and urea tests. The B. cereus fermented glucose and sucrose. The bacteria also reacted positively to only citrate and catalase tests. Results of showed that S. aureus had MIC values between 12 and 16 mg/L, E. coli between 20 and 50 mg/L, Proteus species between 15 and 64 mg/L, and B. cereus between 10 and 18 mg/L, all against various metals. The B. cereus showed the lowest resistance to several heavy metals, while E. coli showed the highest resistance. Additionally, E. coli demonstrated a significant resistance level to all ten antibiotics examined. Antibiotic resistance was highest in E. coli and lowest in Proteus species. The findings of this study revealed that the four isolates that showed high tolerance to heavy metals could be used as inoculants to bioremediate cement sites that polluted by heavy metals.
Review: Current perspectives on enzyme applications in medicine, agriculture, and industries
Abstract. Dahiru MM, Abdulhamid AA, Abaka AM. 2024. Review: Current perspectives in enzyme applications in medicine, agriculture, and industries. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 10-25. The conventional use of chemicals worldwide in different industries has significantly increased, impacting the environment. The need to improve industrial processes led to prospects into enzymes from various sources, including microbial sources to substitute the toxic chemicals and processes with environmentally friendly processes and biodegradable waste products. Enzyme applications are notably getting more attention in medicine, agriculture, and industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, detergents, leather, and cosmetics. They are utilized in these industries to enhance durability of product, shorten process time, improve efficiency and stability, and properly manage waste. Medicine mainly uses them for diagnostic and treatment purposes, including proteases and amylases. The pharmaceutical industries explore the specificity of enzymes to bind target substrates, yielding specific and desired products via reactions, including hydrolysis, acylation, and esterifications. Waste and pathogen treatments, in addition to soil and plant improvements, are the major applications of enzymes in agriculture, employing pectinases, cellulases, and xylanases. In the food industry, amylases are used for starch degradation and dough improvement, while proteases are used for juice beer production clearance. The detergent industry adds enzymes to its formulations, including lipases, proteases, and cellulases, to improve stain removal by modifying fabric fibers to release dirt and soil particles. Enzymes, including proteases and lipases, are used in the leather industry for curing, soaking, dehairing, degreasing, and tanning, in addition to waste elimination. In comparison, an immobilized lipase is utilized in the cosmetic industry to produce retinoids, protein disulfide isomerase, glutathione sulfhydryl oxidase, and transglutaminase are applied in hair waving. Furthermore, developing the cost-effective technique of enzyme immobilization technology further promotes the application of enzymes in these endeavors attributed to their stability and recyclability. Thus, there is a significant improvement in research towards green and eco-friendly applications of enzymes. This review discusses how enzymes have been successfully deployed and utilized in medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutical, food, detergent, leather, and cosmetics industries. Enzymes in these industries exhibited beneficial applications, though the recyclability of the enzymes remains challenging for some endeavors. However, immobilization techniques have been gaining attention which might present a solution to the challenges associated with enzyme reusability.
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] tolerance and reduction activity of Synechococcus sp. and Synechocystis sp. isolated in West and South Bay of Laguna de Bay, Philippines
Abstract. Pujalte ECO, Posadas KDB, Morales TC, Chang ACG. 2024. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] tolerance and reduction activity of Synechococcus sp. and Synechocystis sp. isolated in West and South Bay of Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 21: 1-9. Cyanobacteria are prevalent in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems which can tolerate stress caused by heavy metals. In the Philippines, various anthropogenic activities have contributed to the heavy metal contamination in water systems. Laguna de Bay is the largest inland body of water in the Philippines that functions as a multipurpose lake; however, heavy metal contamination such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has progressed through the years due to various anthropogenic activities. This study evaluated the capability of cyanobacterial strains isolated from Laguna de Bay to tolerate and reduce varying concentrations of Cr(VI) using different parameters. Cyanobacterial isolates from Tadlac and Jamboree Lake were subjected to tolerance assay in varying Cr(VI) concentrations, followed by the reduction assay utilizing 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide (1,5-DPCZ) at OD540. Through morphological characterization, two genera were identified: Synechococcus sp. from West Bay and Synechocystis sp. from South Bay. This study revealed that both isolates could tolerate and reduce high Cr(VI) levels within optimum pH of 7 and 8, respectively. The data acquired from the tolerance assay showed that a Cr(VI) concentration of 1000 mg/L still permitted the growth of the two cyanobacteria genera. Percentage reduction of the isolates at their respective optimal pH showed variation wherein Synechococcus sp. at pH 7 exhibited a 58% Cr(VI) average reduction compared to Synechocystis sp. at pH 8, which then exhibited a 66% Cr(VI) average reduction. The present study's findings indicate the potential of the two indigenous cyanobacteria in the bioremediation of Cr(VI) in Laguna de Bay.
Functional properties of bambara groundnut flour fermented with lactic acid bacteria consortium
Abstract. Ogodo AC, Agwaranze DI, Opara JI, Iheanacho CC. 2023. Functional properties of bambara groundnut flour fermented with lactic acid bacteria consortium. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 79-84. The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional properties of bambara groundnut flour fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) consortium isolated from fermenting maize and sorghum. Sorghum was processed into flour and fermented with LAB-consortium previously isolated from maize (Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, ATCC 53/03 + Lactobacillus fermentum CIP 102980 + Lactobacillus nantensis LP33 + Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016) and sorghum (Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 20284 + Lactobacillus nantensis LP33 + Lactobacillus fermentum CIP 102980 + Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 + Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1), respectively and then naturally to evaluate their effects on the functional properties of the bambara groundnut flour at 12 h intervals. Results showed that there was a gradual decrease in Bulk Density (BD), Swelling Capacity (SC), and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) with increasing fermentation period. Oil Holding Capacity (OHC) increased significantly (p <0.05) with increase in the fermentation periods from 8.40±0.00 mL/g to 8.90±0.02 mL/g (spontaneous fermentation), 8.40±0.00 mL/g to 9.20±0.03 mL/g (LAB-consortium from maize fermentation) and from 8.40±0.00 mL/g to 9.70±0.03 mL/g (LAB-consortium from sorghum fermentation). The lowest gelation concentration ranged from 3.0% in the unfermented sample to 7.0% in the various fermentation products. The variations differ significantly (p <0.05) between the unfermented, spontaneously fermented, and LAB consortium fermented samples. Emulsion Capacity (EC) increased with increasing fermentation period from 72.36±2.01% to 87.54±0.36%, from 72.36±2.01% to 87.22±1.44% and from 72.36±2.01 % to 88.56±0.14% in natural, LAB-consortium from maize and LAB-consortium from sorghum fermentation respectively. This result indicates that lactic acid bacteria consortia can potentially improve the functional properties of bambara groundnut flour.
Copyright (c) 2023 Asian Journal of Tropical Biotechnology
Profiling of phytochemicals and evaluation of antifungal activity of Piliostigma species on Aspergillus species causing tomato fruit rot
Abstract. Mahmud AA, Danladi MD, Adi BA, Abdulrahman MD, Nafi’u BS, Mohammed UA. 2023. Profiling of phytochemicals and evaluation of antifungal activity of Piliostigma species on Aspergillus species causing tomato fruit rot. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 62-68. Medicinal plants, such as Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. and Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. from the family Fabaceae are considered therapeutic due to the bioactive compounds present in their organs. These medium-sized, leguminous trees, native to the tropics and common in Nigeria, are rich in antifungal and antioxidant compounds. The study focused on the phytochemical components of these plants and evaluation of antifungal activity which was tested against Aspergillus fungi species isolated from rotten tomatoes. Identification and quantification of the plants’ phytochemical constituents of ethanolic and aqueous extracts were conducted, assessing the antifungal activity of the extracts and determination of the extracts Minimum Fungicidal (MFC) and Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC). From the study, these extracts contained biologically active compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and anthraquinones. The inhibitory effect of the ethanolic extracts ranged between (4-42mg/mL) and (5-31mg/mL) for Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. While aqueous extracts was recorded (6-20mg/mL) and (7-15mg/mL). The MIC values of ethanolic extracts have (6-8mg/mL) and (7-26mg/mL), and MFC values of (28-30mg/mL) and (22-28mg/mL) against A. niger and A. fumigatus. The aqueous extracts have MIC values (32-38mg/mL) and (36-59mg/mL), MFC values ranged (50-56mg/mL) and (38-65mg/mL) against A. niger and A. fumigatus, respectively. The study has shown that the plant extracts contained antifungal properties based on bioactive compounds found in their leaves and antifungal effects demonstrated against the tested organisms. The findings suggest the use of these plant extracts, which could serve as potential bio-fungicides when explored further. The study of the bioactive compounds of these plants provides a foundation for creating natural, safer medications and innovative bio-fungicide products. Subsequent investigations on the specified plants will be based on the framework established by this study. Future research, including in vivo testing and exploration of the mechanism of action, is recommended.
Antimicrobial potential and cytotoxicity of endophytic fungi crude extracts from Ricinus communis of Tanzania
Abstract. Shemnkande NS, Lyantagaye SL, Mpenda FN. 2023. Antimicrobial potential and cytotoxicity of endophytic fungi crude extracts from Ricinus communis of Tanzania. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 69-78. The study aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential and cytotoxicity of crude extracts from endophytic fungi found in Ricinus communis L. from Tanzania. The researchers isolated and identified fifty-one fungi species from the leaves and roots of R. communis. The isolates were morphologically characterized, considering color, size, shape, elevation, margin, and density parameters. The isolates were further analyzed using Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics tools to determine their phylogenetic relationships and identify the isolates. Two techniques were deployed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential: disc diffusion and microdilution. The disc diffusion method measured the inhibition zones formed by the fungi extracts against selected bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. In comparison, the microdilution technique determined the crude extracts' Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) against the bacterial strains. Cytotoxicity of the crude extracts was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality assay; Brine shrimp larvae were exposed to the extracts to evaluate their potential toxicity. The study successfully isolated 51 fungi species from R. communis and observed significant morphological variation. Four endophytic fungi (Penicillium menonorum, Curvularia verruculosa, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatinus) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (3.125 µg/mL to 0.098 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity tests on brine shrimp larvae indicated the crude extracts' non-toxicity, suggesting their potential as safe therapeutic agents. The findings suggest that endophytic fungi from R. communis possess potential therapeutic applications against drug-resistant pathogens, warranting further investigation of their bioactive compounds and broader biotechnological uses.
Effect of chromated copper arsenate on protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll content of tropical Eucalyptus and Acacia species
Abstract. Kumari BMR, Nagaraja N. 2023. Effect of chromated copper arsenate on protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll content of tropical Eucalyptus and Acacia species. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 56-61. Contamination of heavy metals could cause morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants. Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative that contains Cr, Cu, and As. Leaching these heavy metals into agricultural fields from moderate to higher levels causes a serious threat to the ecosystem. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of CCA (250-2,500 mg kg-1 soil) on the protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll content of Eucalyptus and Acacia seedlings using commercially available C-type CCA with a proportion of Cr (CrO3-47.5%), Cu (CuO-18.5%), and As (As2O5- 35%). The quantitative estimation of total carbohydrate, protein, and chlorophyll content in control and treated seedlings was carried out by spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that the high concentrations of CCA significantly (p ?0.05) reduced protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll content of Eucalyptus and Acacia seedlings. The lowest amount of total carbohydrates, proteins, and chlorophyll content found in E. citriodora Hook. and E. tereticornis Sm. were 0.97±0.05 and 1.70±0.17 mg g-1, 0.42±0.08 and 0.45 ±0.02 mg g-1 and 0.11±0.04 and 0.07±0.03 mg g-1 at 2,500 mg kg-1 soil CCA respectively. Furthermore, the lowest total carbohydrates, proteins, and chlorophyll content in A. mangium seedlings were 1.91±0.43, 0.52±0.13, and 0.13±0.01 mg g-1 at 2,500 mg kg-1 soil CCA, respectively. The present study advocates that the higher concentrations of CCA affect the biochemical parameters of Eucalyptus and Acacia tree species.
Antibacterial activity on hand sanitizer spray of ethanolic leaf Sambiloto extract (Andrographis paniculata) against Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract. Susilowati A, Aminah D. 2023. Antibacterial activity on hand sanitizer spray of ethanolic leaf Sambiloto extract (Andrographis paniculata) against Staphylococcus aureus. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 50-55. Sambiloto leaves, known as the king of bitters, contain andrographolide and flavonoid compounds that can be antibacterial. Sambiloto leaf extract is formulated into spray preparations as antibacterial active ingredients derived from herbal plants and is an alternative to alcohol-based antiseptics. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of a hand sanitizer spray preparation of Sambiloto leaf extract and its activity in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Bitter leaf extract was added to the formulation of hand sanitizer spray with concentrations of 10, 15, and 20% with carbopol 940 base, triethanolamine, propylparaben, propylene glycol, and methylparaben. Physical evaluation of hand sanitizer spray was examined based on color, texture, aroma, pH, homogeneity, and adhesion. The inhibitory power of spray hand sanitizer was determined based on the diffusion method's diameter of the inhibition zone. The physical evaluation showed that the hand sanitizer results followed the good spray criteria. The three spray formulations can inhibit S. aureus with a weak inhibitory category (<0.05); the highest reduction in microbes was recorded in formulation 3 (59.25%). Based on ANCOVA analysis, there were significant differences between spray treatments, which were influenced by differences in covariates. The result of paired t-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the number of bacteria before and after spray treatment.
Effects of aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats
Abstract. Abu MS, Mashi RL, Lawal JY, Nathan F. 2023. Effects of aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 37-41. The present study investigated the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of the polyherbal mixture (Carica papaya L., Allium sativum L., Curcuma longa L., and Azadirachta indica A.Juss.) against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. The Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into every five animals into six groups. They were given the following seven-day treatment, i.e., paracetamol 500 g/kg BW p.o. to induce hepatotoxicity; Silymarin (140 mg/kg BW p.o.) as a reference standard; and three doses of polyherbal extract (100 mg/kg BW p.o., 300 mg/kg BW p.o., and 500 mg/kg BW p.o.). Blood collection by cardiac puncture was carried out after 24 h of the last administration and analyzed for various serum parameters (Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total Bilirubin (TB), Albumin (ALB), Total Protein (TP), Triglycerides (TGL) and Total Cholesterol (TCHOL). Treatment of the aqueous extract of the polyherbal mixture reduced the elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, TB, TGL, and TCHOL. It increased ALB and TP levels to indicate the repair of hepatic damage and demonstrated the aqueous extract hepatoprotective activity of the polyherbal mixture. The aqueous extract of the polyherbal mixture at doses of 100 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW have significant (p<.005) effects on the liver of the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity rat model.
Short Communication: Assessment of tetracycline residue in local milk consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Abstract. Bello MI, Lamiya A, Hayatu IA, Zailani HA, Ja’afar JN, Raji ML, Abdullahi M. 2023. Short Communication: Assessment of tetracycline residue in local milk consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 45-49. Antimicrobial residues in food beyond the tolerance limit for human consumption will harm health, such as toxicity, allergy, teeth discoloration, teratogenicity, and, most importantly, antimicrobial resistance. Knowing the prevailing tetracycline usage pattern in cattle husbandry and the lack of information on tetracycline residue in the locally consumed milk in Yola Adamawa State, Nigeria, therefore, this study was conducted to assess the tetracycline residue in the region. One hundred and twenty-two local milk samples were collected through simple random sampling in the study area from local retailers. First, the samples were screened for general antimicrobial residue using the microbiological method. Antimicrobial-positive samples were then subjected to HPLC analysis to identify and quantify possible tetracycline residue. The results showed that 23% (28/122) were positive for antimicrobial residue, of which 68% (19/28) were identified as tetracycline. The overall tetracycline residue prevalence was 15.6% (19/122) with a mean concentration of 432.64 µg/L with the lowest and highest concentration of 52.91 µg/L and 1,597.29 µg/L, respectively. The proportion of tetracycline positive to negative samples differed significantly (P<0.05), occurring with probabilities of 0.16 and 0.84, respectively. This study revealed tetracycline at a low prevalence, but in most cases, 89.47% (17/19) at dangerous levels. Thus, there is a need to review the present antimicrobial regulatory mechanisms.
Nutritional and biochemical properties of locally produced wine from blended honey and coconut juice
Abstract. Tatah VS, Ogodo AC, Boyi RHN, Abah MA, Timothy M, Ayantse LM. 2023. Nutritional and biochemical properties of locally produced wine from blended honey and coconut juice. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 31-36. Humans have consumed honey since ancient times due to its high medicinal and nutritional value. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is highly nutritious, fiber-rich, and contains essential vitamins and minerals. Coconut cream and coconut milk are two of the many edible products made from the coconut fruit. In addition, some wines are produced from a single fruit type or a combination of blended fruits and other raw materials. This research was conducted to determine the nutritional values and biochemical properties of locally produced wine from blended honey/coconut juice. The blended wine in this study was locally prepared and stored for about three years in the refrigerator at about 4ºC. The Association of Official Analytical method was used to determine phytochemical constituents, proximate composition, minerals composition, physicochemical properties, sugar/alcohol contents, and amino acid content. The phytochemical content includes saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, alkaloids, terpenes, and cardiac glycosides. The wine contains 75.50% moisture, 0.15% carbohydrate, and 0.20% protein. Ash, fat and crude fibers content were 0.14%, 0.25%, and 0.13%, respectively. The essential amino acids in the blended wine were isoleucine, leucine, histidine, lysine, and threonine. And the non-amino acids were glutamine, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, proline, and aspartic acid with high concentrations. Several minerals were also contained in blended wine, i.e., lead, aluminum, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, sulphur, and iron. Several parameters from the blended wine are slightly higher regarding the recommended daily requirement. Therefore, good wine could be produced from blended honey and coconut juice.
Enterobacter tabaci and Bacillus cereus as biocontrol agents against pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum of eggplant
Abstract. Malek AA, Ali NS, Kadir J, Vadamalai G, Saud HM. 2023. Enterobacter tabaci and Bacillus cereus as biocontrol agents against pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum of eggplant. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 24-31. Over the world, Ralstonia solanacearum caused bacterial wilt disease is responsible for more than 90% of agricultural losses. Therefore, finding a potential biological control agent is extremely important, especially against R. solanacearum. The present study aimed to isolate, evaluate and identify potential endophytic bacteria to restrain R. solanacearum via in vitro antagonistic assay. A total of 116 endophytic bacteria were isolated, and 55 exhibited abilities to restrain R. solanacearum in vitro. However, only two isolates, UPMBC1 and UPMBE2, significantly inhibited R. solanacearum growth by 14.6 mm and 12.6 mm, respectively. Based on the cultural and morphological characteristics, UPMBC1 and UPMBE2 isolates exhibited similar characteristics as the other members of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillaceae, respectively. Molecular results revealed that UPMBC1 was identified as Enterobacter tabaci and UPMBE2 as Bacillus cereus. Numerous efficient biological control agents were identified in the present investigation, with E. tabaci showing the greatest potential against R. solanacearum.
Incidence and knowledge of genotype and blood grouping among students as a guide to marriage counseling: A case study of FCE Katsina, Nigeria
Abstract. Mashi RL, Rafindadi MN, Lawal JY, Inusa YM. 2023. Incidence and knowledge of genotype and blood grouping among students as a guide to marriage counseling: A case study of FCE Katsina, Nigeria. Asian J Trop Biotechnol 20: 17-23. Marriages have been formed over the years without the genotypes of the intended partners being known. As a result, many families have had children with sickle cell disease. This study examined the distributions of hemoglobin genotypes, ABO, and rhesus blood group patterns among Federal College of Education (FCE) Katsina, Nigeria, students as a reference to marital counseling. This was a cross-sectional study involving 200 students of FCE Katsina. The ABO blood group was determined using tile method, while the hemoglobin genotype was determined using hemoglobin electrophoresis. Data analysis was done using a simple percentage. The results obtained showed that out of the two hundred students that participated in this study, 146 (73%) of the subjects had HbAA, 51 (25.5%) had HbAS, 3 (1.5%) had HbAC while there were none with HbSS genotype. The distribution of ABO blood groups of the subjects was; blood group O 114 (57%), blood group B 39 (19.5%), blood group A 39 (19.5%), blood group AB 5 (2.5%), A- 1 (0.5%) and O- 2(1%). Furthermore, RhD positive was 197(98.5%), while RhD negative was 3 (1.5%). About 119 (59.5%) of the participants have not heard about blood group, 147 (73.5%) have no knowledge of Hb genotype and 171 (85.5%) are without Rhesus factor knowledge. This study has revealed knowledge and awareness gaps about Hb genotype, Blood group, Rhesus factor and sickle cell disease and the distribution of ABO blood group amongst Federal College of Education Katsina students. Hence there is a need for massive marriage counseling and health education among students to reduce stillbirth incidence due to Rhesus incompatibility and burden of SCD, which has become a public health problem in our country.