Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Biodiversitas encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all biodiversity aspects of plants, animals and microbes at the level of the gene, species, and ecosystem as well as ethnobiology. Scopus (Q2)
Ecological characteristics of subterranean termites in Mamar agroforestry, West Amarasi, Timor Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Kusumawardhani DT, Kapitan OB, Nufus MR. 2025. Ecological characteristics of subterranean termites in Mamar agroforestry, West Amarasi, Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5857-5869. Mamar, a traditional agroforestry system on Timor Island, Indonesia, is overgrown with various local and introduced forest trees, and fodder crops, which influence the organic matter that needs to be decomposed. Subterranean termites act as decomposers, although the specific species remains unidentified. This study, conducted in Soba Village, West Amarasi Sub-district, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, aimed to identify termite species in Mamar, analyze their environmental conditions, and assess the soil characteristics within and around their nests. The study utilized a 150x250 m sample plot across three locations, each representing different contours, altitudes, and soil colors of Mamar. Two successfully identified species of subterranean termites from eight nest, Macrotermes gilvus NC034110.1 and Nasutitermes matangensis MTR C-004. Environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, and light intensity) were monitored over three months (March-July) showing ranges of 23.03-28.65°C, 65.41-84.87%, and 594.19-2529.9 lux, respectively. These conditions were generally suitable for termite activity, although humidity levels occasionally dropped below optimal. Soil characteristics focused on moisture content, soil acidity (pH value), C-organic, total nitrogen, organic matter, and texture of the three fractions. Nest soils exhibited higher pH, carbon, nitrogen, and organic content compared to surrounding soils. Moisture content varied by texture, higher in clay, lower in loam and clay loam. As decomposers and soil engineers, both termites can contribute to improving the inceptisol soil properties of Mamar by enriching organic matter. The greater the number of plants in Mamar, the more it influences termite activity, especially M. gilvus, which needs raw materials to make fungus comb in their nests. Meanwhile, the island’s dry climate and low rainfall force termites to adapt to suboptimal moisture conditions, even within their own nests.
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Spatial variation in coral reef condition and reef fish assemblages along a proximity to Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Abstract. Siringoringo RM, Bengen DG, Nurjaya IW, Subhan B, Giyanto, Putra RD, Abrar M, Sari NWP, Aji LP. 2025. Spatial variation in coral reef condition and reef fish assemblages along a proximity to Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5919-5930. The coral reef ecosystems of the Seribu Islands, Indonesia, exhibit complex ecological interactions between benthic assemblages and reef fish communities under the combined influence of local anthropogenic pressures and regional environmental stressors. This study examined benthic composition and reef fish functional structure across 14 sites along a spatial gradient from Jakarta Bay, Seribu Islands, to the outer islands. Benthic cover was assessed using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method, and reef fish assemblages were quantified through Underwater Visual Census (UVC). Analyses revealed that distance from Jakarta Bay had a weak and inconsistent influence on benthic composition, with a low explanatory power for variations in hard coral cover (R²: 0.023, p: 0.6). In contrast, corallivorous fish abundance increased significantly with distance from the bay (R²: 0.30, p: 0.043), indicating a more pronounced spatial response among higher trophic groups. Cluster analyses identified three distinct ecological assemblages aligned with the nearshore-offshore gradient, reflecting subtle yet detectable shifts in community structure. These findings suggest that while benthic recovery remains constrained by persistent sedimentation and nutrient enrichment, reef fish assemblages particularly corallivores retain spatial sensitivity to urban influence. The emerging ecological differentiation across the archipelago underscores that the Seribu Islands function as a transitional system shaped by both urban proximity and broader ecological processes. Effective management should therefore integrate local mitigation of land-based stressors with broader seascape-scale strategies to enhance reef resilience in urban-influenced marine ecosystems.
Seagrass diversity profile and water quality in some coastal ecosystems in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Abstract. Sombo IT, Arisoesilaningsih E, Sartimbul A, Kurniawan N, Retnaningdyah C. 2025. Seagrass diversity profile and water quality in some coastal ecosystems in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5931-5943. Seagrass ecosystems provide critical services including carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and fisheries support, yet face accelerating degradation from anthropogenic pressures. Indonesia harbors 13 of 60 global seagrass species, with East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, supporting exceptional diversity within the Coral Triangle biodiversity hotspot. We analyzed seagrass community structure and water quality relationships across eight coastal locations spanning Timor, Rote, and Alor Islands to establish conservation baselines. Field sampling employed 120 quadrats (1 × 1 m²) along transects at 0.5-2.0 m depths, with species identification following standard taxonomic keys. Seven physicochemical parameters were measured in situ and through laboratory analysis. Eight seagrass species were documented (92% of Indonesia's flora), with coverage ranging from 2,000 to 16,000 individuals/site. Three dominant species, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, occurred at all locations with 39% average coverage. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index ranged from 1.5 to 2.7 (peak at Onan Ana), with 62.5% of sites maintaining moderate-to-high diversity. Critical environmental stress was widespread: nitrate exceeded standards (0.06 mg/L) at all sites by 100-717% (0.12-0.49 mg/L), temperatures surpassed optimal thresholds (> 33°C) at 50% of locations, and hypoxic conditions (DO < 5 mg/L) occurred at 25% of sites. Principal component analysis explained 69.61% of variation, revealing strong negative correlations between nutrients and diversity (orthophosphate-diversity: r = -0.78; nitrate-richness: r = -0.53). Despite environmental degradation, dominant species demonstrated remarkable resilience. Urgent conservation actions required include: implementing nutrient reduction targeting < 0.06 mg/L nitrate through watershed management, establishing thermal refugia protection at sites maintaining < 30°C, and designating high-diversity locations as genetic reserves for regional restoration programs.
Oviposition ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in relation to indoor-outdoor light intensity and dengue endemicity in Aceh Besar, Indonesia
Abstract. Yulianti A, Rizki A, Suwarno, Arahman N, Gani BA, Husnurrizal, Harapan, Mudatsir. 2025. Oviposition ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in relation to indoor-outdoor light intensity and dengue endemicity in Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5803-5813. Dengue fever continues to pose a major public health problem in tropical regions, with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus as the main vectors. While the effects of temperature, humidity, and rainfall on mosquito ecology are well documented, the influence of light intensity on oviposition behavior across areas with different dengue endemicity levels remains less understood. This study aimed to assess the influence of indoor-outdoor light intensity and dengue endemicity on oviposition activity of Aedes mosquitoes in Aceh Besar District, Indonesia. A cross-sectional ecological survey was conducted in two sub-districts classified as high and low endemicity, with three villages randomly selected from each. In total, 240 ovitraps (120 indoor and 120 outdoor) were deployed over two five-day sampling periods, accompanied by concurrent light intensity measurements using a lux meter. Ovitrap positivity and egg density were analyzed using logistic regression and the Mann-Whitney U test. Of all traps, 62.92% were positive for Aedes eggs. No significant differences in Ovitrap Index (OI) or oviposition activity were observed between locations or endemicity levels (both had p>0.05). Indoor light intensity had a significant effect on oviposition activity: dimly lit households in high-endemicity areas recorded higher oviposition (1.67%, p: 0.01 and 3.33%, p: 0.02, respectively). Outdoor oviposition showed no significant variation by light intensity. These results indicate that low indoor lighting favors Aedes oviposition regardless of endemicity level. Improving household illumination may reduce suitable oviposition habitats and serve as a practical addition to existing vector control strategies.
Genetic and path analysis of agronomic traits in Indonesian sorghum genotypes
Abstract. Nasution MA, Maulana Z, Alam M, Hanafi, Ulfa F, Abdullah A. 2025. Genetic and path analysis of agronomic traits in Indonesian sorghum genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 5944-5954. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a strategic cereal for food, feed, and bioenergy in tropical production systems, yet its improvement is constrained by limited characterization of genetic variability and yield-determining traits across local and commercial germplasms. This study evaluated eight contrasting genotypes under a randomized block design in Maros, South Sulawesi, to quantify genetic variation, heritability, and trait-yield relationships. Wide phenotypic divergence was observed, with grain yield ranging from 4.64 to 58.93 g per plant and plant height from 145.6 to 265.9 cm, reflecting substantial heterogeneity within the tested germplasm. High heritability estimates for grain yield (0.75), panicle dry weight (0.75), and thousand-grain weight (0.89) indicate strong additive genetic control and substantial prospects for early generation selection. Path analysis identified thousand-grain weight (direct effect = 0.713), panicle dry weight (0.442), and panicle width (0.304) as the major determinants of grain yield, confirming the central role of reproductive biomass in yield formation. In contrast, the number of nodes and leaves exhibited negative associations with grain yield, demonstrating a physiological trade-off between vegetative vigor and reproductive partitioning, which is consistent with earlier reports across cereals. Sugar content showed moderate heritability (0.68) and a limited direct influence on grain yield, reaffirming its relevance primarily for sweet sorghum improvement. Commercial varieties (Numbu, Kawali, and UPCA-S1) exhibited superior reproductive performance, whereas local genotypes (Watasolok and Okin) expressed adaptive attributes, including taller architecture and enhanced vegetative robustness. The complementary strengths of these groups underscore the potential of targeted hybridization coupled with selection for panicle- and seed-related traits to accelerate the development of high-yielding, climate-resilient sorghum cultivars in tropical environments.
Waterborne parasite contamination and risk factors in natural water sources of Karen communities, Omkoi District, Thailand
Abstract. Wongthonglua K, Yanola J, Sanit S, Kongta N, Nachaiwieng W. 2025. Waterborne parasite contamination and risk factors in natural water sources of Karen communities, Omkoi District, Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 5955-5963. The Karen hill tribes in Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, continue to experience a high burden of intestinal parasitic infections, likely linked to the use of untreated mountain water for daily consumption. This study investigated protozoan contamination in natural water sources and identified physicochemical factors associated with contamination risk. Water samples were collected from 30 natural sources during the dry (30 samples) and wet seasons (28 samples), totaling 58 samples. Each 20 L sample was filtered, concentrated, and examined using flotation, microscopy, nested PCR to detect Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli, and the addition of DNA sequencing to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.. Physicochemical parameters, including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, ammonia, chlorine, nitrate, and nitrite, were also measured. Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression were applied to evaluate associations with contamination. To our knowledge, this study represents the first molecular assessment of protozoan parasites in Omkoi community water sources. E. histolytica was detected in two sources per season (6.67% dry; 7.14% wet), and E. coli in one source per season (3.33% dry; 3.57% wet). G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected. Significant associations were observed between contamination and elevated TDS (?200 mg/L; OR = 29.33; 95% CI = 2.08-423.66), ammonia (?0.5 mg/L; OR = 25.50; 95% CI = 1.88-345.83), and nitrite (>0.1 mg/L; OR = 51.00; 95% CI = 4.00-649.10) (P<0.05). Although these parameters are not visually detectable, green algal blooms may indicate nutrient-rich conditions conducive to contamination. In conclusion, routine water treatment, such as boiling or filtration, is recommended before consumption. Residents should avoid water sources with visible algal growth to reduce the risk of protozoan infection in these rural communities.
Species composition and abundance of weeds in tomato fields with nematicidal potential against Meloidogyne incognita
Abstract. Adiwena M, Murtilaksono A, Pradana AP, Parameswari AR, Putri D. 2025. Species composition and abundance of weeds in tomato fields with nematicidal potential against Meloidogyne incognita. Biodiversitas 26: 5891-5905. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) cause major crop losses worldwide, yet sustainable management options remain limited. This study assessed weed community structure in tomato fields and tested the nematicidal activity of dominant species. Quadrat sampling (1×1 m) recorded seven species from six families, with moderate diversity (Shannon-Wiener H?: 1.125), low evenness (E: 0.578), and high dominance (Simpson’s D: 0.470). Alternanthera philoxeroides was ecologically dominant (IVI: 72.0%; RD: 62.5%), while Eleusine indica and Cyperus rotundus were most frequent (RF: 23.8%). Aqueous root extracts (20% w/v) were tested in vitro, and proportion data were arcsine square-roots transformed and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (?: 0.05). A. philoxeroides achieved the strongest egg-hatch inhibition (98.2±0.45% unhatched eggs at 168 h vs. 69.6±3.58% in control), while Cleome rutidosperma induced the highest J2 mortality (21.8±6.14%). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed 12 constituents in A. philoxeroides and 18 in C. rutidosperma. Key compounds included methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate in A. philoxeroides; and lauric acid, methyl palmitate, and 9,12-octadecadien-1-ol in C. rutidosperma. These phytochemicals are consistent with the observed suppression of egg hatching and juvenile survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Indonesia to explicitly link weed community diversity with in vitro nematicidal activity against M. incognita in tomato fields. By integrating ecological survey and bioassay data, this work demonstrates that naturally occurring weeds can serve both as indicators of agroecosystem health and as practical, locally available sources of botanical nematicides. The findings emphasize two major contributions: first, to nematode management through eco-friendly suppression of root-knot nematodes; and second, to biodiversity conservation by recognizing weeds as functional components of sustainable agroecosystems.
Biocontrol potential of rice endophytic fungi against phytopathogens in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Sopialena, Mujiono K, Syakhril, Nurhasanah. 2025. Biocontrol potential of rice endophytic fungi against phytopathogens in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5737-5754. Endophytic fungi are increasingly recognized for their potential as eco-friendly biocontrol agents in sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic potential of rice endophytic fungi across diverse agroecosystems in Penajam Paser Utara, Samarinda, and Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy rice plants and screened for antagonism against five pathogens using dual-culture assays. A total of six fungal genera were identified, including Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp., and Paecilomyces sp., with A. niger, Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. being the most frequently isolated. Morphological characterization revealed distinct colony and microscopic traits supporting genus-level identification. Results of antagonistic assays against the five major rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium sp., Cercospora sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Curvularia sp. demonstrated that endophytic fungi employed mechanisms, such as competition, parasitism, and antibiosis to suppress pathogen growth. The inhibitory activity of endophytic fungal isolates varied significantly, with inhibition rates ranging from 36.25% to 85%. The highest levels of inhibition were recorded against Fusarium sp. (81.11%), Cercospora sp. (85.00%), Rhizoctonia solani (85.00%), and Curvularia sp. (76.44%), while moderate inhibition was observed against M. oryzae (54.18%). Among the isolates, Rhizopus sp. and Gliocladium sp. consistently demonstrated the strongest antagonistic activity across multiple pathogens. The variability in inhibition rates highlights the importance of strain specificity, pathogen susceptibility, and host-endophyte compatibility in determining biocontrol efficacy. These fungi offer eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides.
Soil properties drive population abundance of the rare, endemic Euphorbia yaroslavii in the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan
Abstract. ?urgara Z, Ametov A, Kulymbet K, Childibayeva A, Nazarbekova S, Ryskali T, Erezhetova U, Tastanbekova A. 2025. Soil properties drive population abundance of the rare, endemic Euphorbia yaroslavii in the Zailiyskiy Alatau, Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 26: 5881-5890. This study investigates the ecological and soil-chemical factors influencing the population abundance of the rare herbaceous perennial geophyte Euphorbia yaroslavii in the Zailiyskiy Alatau Mountains, Southeastern Kazakhstan. Field surveys were conducted across three gorges - Ushkonyr, Shamalgan, and Kaskelen - comprising nine cenopopulations. A total of 337 individuals were recorded, with the highest abundance observed in Ushkonyr (188 individuals) and the lowest in Kaskelen (56 individuals). Soil texture, structure, and chemistry were analyzed in detail, including granulometry, humus content, pH, CO?, available N, P?O?, K?O, exchangeable cations (Ca²?, Mg²?, Na?, K?), and total soluble salts. Pearson correlation analysis revealed very strong positive correlations between population abundance and sand (r = +0.95), clay (r = +0.87), humus (r = +0.80), mobile nitrogen (r = +0.93), and with exchangeable magnesium among key base cations (r = +0.92). A strong negative correlation was found with silt content (r = -0.88), indicating that excess silt may limit aeration. Correlations were computed at the cenopopulation level (n = 9), pairing abundance with co-located soil measurements from the 0-20 cm layer. The most favorable soil conditions for E. yaroslavii are loamy calcareous soils with 40-50% sand, 20-30% clay, slightly alkaline pH (7.4-7.9), humus ? 2.5%, and high base saturation with dominance of Ca²? and Mg²?. These findings suggest that population abundance is primarily determined by soil texture and organic matter, with magnesium acting as an important component of an overall balanced base-cation regime. Sites meeting these criteria should be prioritized for in situ conservation and habitat restoration, with recommended practices including organic amendment and liming to improve soil fertility and structure.
Antimicrobial activity of Bacillus paramycoides from Xiem duck against poultry pathogens
Abstract. Thuy NP, Tuu NT. 2025. Antimicrobial activity of Bacillus paramycoides from Xiem duck against poultry pathogens. Biodiversitas 26: 5567-5573. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in poultry production poses a significant threat, demanding the development of effective antibiotic alternatives. This study aimed to isolate and identify native Bacillus strains from the gastrointestinal tract of Vietnamese Xiem ducks (Cairina moschata) and screen them for antagonistic activity against key poultry pathogens. Using heat-shock isolation and agar well diffusion assays, 30 different Bacillus species were obtained from 50 healthy ducks. In vitro screening via an agar well diffusion assay showed that over 93% of these isolates possessed broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among 30, isolate B10 exhibited the highest efficacy, creating significant inhibition zones against E. coli (?10 mm), S. enterica (6-9 mm), and S. aureus (6-9 mm). Molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified isolate B10 as Bacillus paramycoides. This study reports the first identification of B. paramycoides from Xiem ducks, highlighting the importance of indigenous poultry as a reservoir for novel, host-derived probiotics. However, given its taxonomic affiliation with the B. cereus group, a rigorous safety evaluation, including genomic screening for virulence factors, is an essential prerequisite for its future development and application in sustainable poultry farming.
Chloroplast genome variation and phylogeny of mutant Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae) from Indonesia
Abstract. Sianipar NF, Muflikhati Z, Rahmat E, Reflinur, Assidqi K, Widyaningrum D. 2025. Chloroplast genome variation and phylogeny of mutant Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae) from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5703-5713. Typhonium flagelliforme (rodent tuber) is an indigenous Indonesian medicinal plant valued for its anticancer properties. Mutation induced by gamma irradiation have produced mutant accessions with enhanced bioactivity, yet the underlying genetic basis remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genomes from wild-type and mutant T. flagelliforme. Both genomes displayed a typical quadripartite structure, with lengths of 167,195 bp (wild-type) and 167,204 bp (mutant). Gene annotation revealed 118 genes in the wild-type, but only 116 in the mutant, with the absence of psaL and petN, genes related to photosystem I and the cytochrome b6f complex. In addition to both accessions preferring A/U-ending codons, simple sequence repeat (SSR) profiling identified 131 motifs in the wild type and 132 in the mutant. Divergent hotspot analysis detected high nucleotide diversity in loci, such as ndhE and ccsA. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed that both accessions form a monophyletic clade closely related to T. blumei, reinforcing their genetic proximity within the genus. These findings demonstrate that induced mutation results in localized plastome alterations without disrupting overall structural stability, thereby providing valuable genomic resources for phylogenetic inference, biodiversity conservation, and marker-assisted breeding in Typhonium and related Araceae taxa.
First chloroplast genome of Scleropyrum wallichianum (Cervantesiaceae) insights into phylogeny and conservation
Abstract. Bui TL, He L, Omollo WO, Wu S, Cao BC, Nguyen XT, Trinh XT, Cao PB, Lu NT, Le CT. 2025. First chloroplast genome of Scleropyrum wallichianum (Cervantesiaceae) insights into phylogeny and conservation. Biodiversitas 26: 5763-5769. Scleropyrum wallichianum, a member of the family Cervantesiaceae (order Santalales), is distributed across Southeast Asia and China. The species is economically significant due to its seed oil, which is used in the production of lubricants and soap. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of S. wallichianum was sequenced and analyzed to clarify its phylogenetic position within Santalales and to support conservation efforts. A leaf sample was collected from the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity in northern Vietnam. The genome was sequenced using the DNBSEQ-T7 platform, assembled with GetOrganelle, and annotated with CPGAVAS2, with manual correction of ambiguous regions performed in Apollo. The circular plastome was visualized using OrganellarGenomeDRAW. The assembled chloroplast genome, representing the first complete sequence reported for S. wallichianum, provides a valuable genomic resource for molecular systematics, evolutionary genomics, and conservation genetics of Cervantesiaceae and the order Santalales. The plastome exhibits a typical quadripartite structure with a total length of 149,066 bp and a GC content of 38.3%, comprising a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 85,000 bp, a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of 18,500 bp, and two Inverted Repeats (IRs) of 22,783 bp each. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on 80 shared coding genes strongly supports S. wallichianum as a distinct clade within Cervantesiaceae, sister to Opiliaceae. This newly characterized plastome enriches the genomic resources available for the genus Scleropyrum and enhances understanding of the evolutionary history, taxonomy, and conservation genetics of Cervantesiaceae and related parasitic lineages within Santalales.
Helopeltis theivora dynamics and damage on cocoa clones under agronomic management in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Busniah M, Efendi S, Trizelia, Hermanda S. 2025. Helopeltis theivora dynamics and damage on cocoa clones under agronomic management in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5118-5124. This study analyzed the comparative resistance of cocoa clones to Helopeltis theivora in two types of cocoa plantations in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The comparison was made between plantations intensively managed by CV Scorpio and small plantations, focusing on two main clones, ICS 60 and TSH 858. The results showed that cocoa cultivation practices in intensive and smallholder cocoa plantations affected the abundance, percentage, and intensity of damage caused by H. theivora. The population and damage levels of H. theivora were higher in smallholder cocoa plantations than in intensive plantations. The type of clone cultivated also affects the abundance and damage level of H. theivora on cocoa plants. ICS 60 clone showed resistance to H. theivora compared to TSH 858 clone. Only the resistance of these clones to H. theivora was affected by cocoa cultivation practices. The resistance of these clones decreased in cocoa plantations that were not intensively managed. Secondary branches were the location of the highest damage intensity, and H. theivora showed a preference for attacking pods measuring 7-15 cm on ICS 60 and >15 cm on TSH 858. This study clearly shows that intensive cultivation practices play an important role in controlling the population of the pest H. theivora. The choice of cocoa clones is also a determining factor. The ICS 60 clone is more resistant to H. theivora. However, genetic resistance in cocoa clones is not absolute. Synergy between the selection of appropriate clones and good cultivation practices is the key to successful control of H. theivora.
Insect pollinators of oil palm plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Herlinda S, Sari JMP, Lau WH, Anggraini E, Irsan C, Rindiani DE, Nelly N, Lisnawati, Suharjo R. 2025. Insect pollinators of oil palm plantations in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5595-5611. Information on insect pollinator species of oil palm is crucial for management strategies that support sustainable production. This study aimed to identify pollinator insect species found in South Sumatra, Indonesia, and analyze their species diversity and abundance. Pollinators were sampled from male and female inflorescences at four time intervals (08:00-09:59 a.m., 10:00-11:59 a.m., 02:00-03:59 p.m., and 04:00-05:59 p.m.) using anthesis-based collection methods. The result showed that Elaeidobius kamerunicus and Elaeidobius spp. were the most common insect pollinators in oil palm production areas, occurring from lowland to midland regions. These species were present on both male and female inflorescences but were more abundant on male inflorescences, with peak activity recorded between 8:00 a.m. and 11:59 a.m. Apis mellifera and A. dorsata were also observed on both male and female inflorescences, though their activity was generally limited to the morning and midday periods. All species (E. kamerunicus, Elaeidobius spp., A. mellifera, and A. dorsata) are potential pollinators, as their visitation of both male and female inflorescences facilitates pollen transfer to the female flowers. Considering the continuous activity of E. kamerunicus and Elaeidobius spp. throughout the day, the use of contact insecticides in oil palm plantations should be avoided to reduce adverse impacts on pollinator populations. These findings provide baseline data for designing pollinator-friendly management practices in Indonesia's oil palm sector.
Spatiotemporal distribution of benthic communities in Belawan Estuary, Indonesia
Abstract. Muhtadi A, Leidonald R, Fadhilah A, Simanjuntak F, Begum S. 2025. Spatiotemporal distribution of benthic communities in Belawan Estuary, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5556-5566. The Belawan River predominantly influences the hydrodynamics of the Belawan Estuary, Indonesia, and the tidal currents from the Strait of Malacca are a dynamic ecosystem with high ecological variability. This study examined the spatiotemporal variations in the macro-benthic community structure in the Belawan Estuary in October 2023, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Benthic samples were collected from eight points representing the upstream, middle, and downstream areas of the estuary, using an Ekman grab during high and low tides, with three replicates each. Sampling and water quality measurements were conducted four times in accordance with the tidal cycle: during the new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. Benthic community structure analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) tests correlating water quality with benthic density and diversity, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn's post hoc tests were conducted. A total of 36 species were identified, dominated by Mollusks. The polychaete Nereis virens was ubiquitous, while the highest densities were of invasive bivalves Mytilopsis sallei (average 133 individuals. m-² ±159.76) and Dreissena polymorpha (average 199 individuals. m-² ±525.51). Principal component analysis indicated that tidal dynamics explained more than 70% of community variation. These findings demonstrate that tides play a critical role in structuring benthic assemblages in the Belawan Estuary and provide essential baseline data for managing estuarine biodiversity under increasing anthropogenic pressure.
Species diversity, canonical correspondence, and phenetic analysis of microalgae in the Tancak Maesan River, Bondowoso, Indonesia
Abstract. Hariani SA, Kurniawati AR, Rohman A, Buana YC. 2025. Species diversity, canonical correspondence, and phenetic analysis of microalgae in the Tancak Maesan River, Bondowoso, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5612-5625. Microalgae are microscopic autotrophic organisms that inhabit various aquatic environments, including the Tancak Maesan River, Bondowoso, Indonesia. They play an essential role as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and serve as bioindicators of water quality. Anthropogenic activities within the area may influence the microalgal community. The high diversity of microalgae also reflects considerable morphological variation among species. Due to their morphological plasticity and the limited availability of identification keys, morphological and anatomical characterization is crucial for phenetic analysis. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and phenetic characteristics of microalgae found in the Tancak Maesan River. Eleven species were identified, belonging to three divisions (Ochrophyta, Charophyta, and Chlorophyta). Navicula sp. had the highest density across all sampling sites. The diversity index indicated a moderate category (H? = 2.0906). The evenness index shows a high value (E = 0.8386), while the dominance index falls into a low category (D = 0.1436). Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that two microalgal species (Cymbella sp. and Pinnularia sp.) were strongly correlated with three abiotic parameters (pH, salinity, and Total Dissolved Solids). According to phenetic analysis, Achnanthes inflata and Navicula sp. cluster together with the highest similarity (Jaccard coefficient = 0.833). This study concludes that community activities and abiotic and anthropogenic conditions influence the presence of microalgae. The findings affirm the role of microalgae as sensitive bioindicators of water quality, responding to both natural and human-induced environmental changes. Consequently, this research establishes a crucial baseline for the river's microalgal diversity and underscores the importance of phenetic characterization for future ecological and monitoring studies.
Evaluation of sea turtle handling methods in a captive facility in Nipah, Indonesia
Abstract. Syaputra M, Wahyuningsih E, Suparyana PK, Lestari AT, Setiawan B, Ritonga FN. 2025. Evaluation of sea turtle handling methods in a captive facility in Nipah, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5626-5637. Animal welfare is crucial for sea turtles in captivity and is guided by several principles: freedom from hunger and thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury, or disease; freedom from fear and stress; and freedom to express natural behavior. The United States Department of the Interior (USDI) Fish and Wildlife Service has issued standard guidelines for handling sea turtles in captivity. This study aimed to evaluate sea turtle conservation efforts through ex-situ strategies by fostering populations in controlled environments. The research was conducted at the sea turtle captive facility on Nipah Beach, Malaka Village, North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, which consists of five rearing ponds and associated facilities where at the time of the research there were 566 individual sea turtles of three species: the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Sea turtle handling in captivity was assessed using a scoring method, complemented by observation, measurement, interviews, and laboratory analysis, based on a modified version of the 2019 Captive Sea Turtle Standards issued by the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and the key aspects and optimization steps of the captivity were analyzed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In conclusion, the management of captive sea turtles achieved an overall score of 369 out of 459 (80.39%), indicating very good conditions. Pond management constitutes the primary determinant in sea turtle captivity, with a value of 0.3049. The priority order of management actions required to optimize sea turtle captivity practices from highest to lowest are: providing pond shading, conducting daily health inspections, regulating pond lighting in accordance with natural daylight cycles, constructing pond edges, and equipping pond lights with covers. Another thing to note is to ensure that there is no overcrowding in the pond. The absence of nationally recognized welfare standards in Indonesia highlights the need for policymakers to establish comprehensive guidelines for sea turtle captivity to ensure consistent and sustainable management practices.
Management recommendations for invasive alien plants in a university arboretum of North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Ayuningtyas AJ, Afrianti S, Baba S, Basyuni M. 2025. Management recommendations for invasive alien plants in a university arboretum of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5544-5555. Invasive alien plants threaten biodiversity and ecosystem stability, yet studies in Indonesian arboreta remain limited. This study assessed the diversity, ecological characteristics, and management priorities of invasive alien plants in the Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Arboretum, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The objective of this study is threefold: first, to identify the diversity of invasive alien plants; second, to analyze their taxonomic relationships and interactions with native species; and third, to provide recommendations for effective management. A systematic nested plot design was implemented, entailing the utilization of 250 plots, each measuring 5 × 5 m, with subplots of 2 × 2 m. A total of 29 invasive species, classified into 16 families, were documented. The most prevalent species were Asystasia gangetica (1,361 individuals) and Miconia crenata (523 individuals), with a combined Importance Value Index (IVI) of 148.97%. The diversity, richness, and evenness indices were found to be moderate. The Jaccard Index ranged from 0.184 to 0.606, indicating weak interspecies similarity across plots. Three management strategies were proposed: (i) Site management for A. gangetica and M. crenata, (ii) Regular monitoring for six moderately invasive species, (iii) Limited control for 21 species of negligible risk. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing structured management and early detection systems to sustain biodiversity and ecological integrity in university arboreta and other ex-situ conservation sites.
Termite diversity and infestation levels on Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Riau, Indonesia
Abstract. Prastyaningsih SR, Hardiwinoto S, Musyafa, Prehaten D, Effendy I, Ridwan N, Aini FK, Benatar GV. 2025. Termite diversity and infestation levels on Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5495-5504. Eucalyptus pellita is used in industrial plantations due to its high productivity. However, monoculture plantations are vulnerable to termite infestations, which can reduce wood volume. This study aimed to assess termite infestation in E. pellita plantations in Riau, Indonesia. A total of 5,791 trees were surveyed across 24 plots representing different stand ages to determine the incidence and intensity of termite damage. Specimens from infested trees were identified morphologically and molecularly using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II COII gene marker and phylogenetic analysis was applied to confirm species-level identification. Three termite species were identified: Coptotermes sepangensis, Nasutitermes matangensis, and Microcerotermes havilandi. Infestation was recorded in 3-4-year-old stands, with 5th rotation plots exhibiting greater severity than 4th rotation plots; among all species, Microcerotermes caused the greatest damage, followed by Nasutitermes and Coptotermes. Across all stands, 301 trees (5.2%) were found to be infested. Damage severity was assessed by observing trunk conditions, especially when termite mounds covered half or the entire diameter, and volume loss was estimated using Huber’s formula. The highest infestation intensity (21.5%) occurred in the 4th rotation, although most cases were classified as mild (scale 1). In contrast, the 5th rotation showed higher infestation severity, with 12.3% of trees severely damaged (scale 4), resulting in the greatest wood volume loss. In 5th rotation, three-year-old tree showed the highest loss of volume, estimated at 9.10%, or 7.54 m³/ha. This is the first molecular confirmation (COII) report of termite infestation on E. pellita in Riau. The results provide baseline information on species composition, infestation patterns and associated wood loss in E. pellita plantations.
Optimizing substrates for Caulerpa racemosa cultivation in Bintan Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Raza’i TS, Jaman S, Setiaji D, Hasby M, Pardi H, Putra IP. 2025. Optimizing substrates for Caulerpa racemosa cultivation in Bintan Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5525-5533. This study aimed to determine the most suitable substrate medium for the cultivation of Caulerpa racemosa and to provide a scientific basis for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices in Bintan Island. An ex-situ experimental method was employed by culturing C. racemosa under different substrate treatments. Growth performance was assessed through several parameters, including total length, stolon length, number of assimilators, assimilator length, and assimilator diameter. Prior to statistical testing, the data were examined for normality and homogeneity of variance, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate significant differences among treatments. The findings demonstrated that mud was the most effective substrate for C. racemosa culture. On average, cultures grown on mud substrates achieved a total length growth of 57.62 mm/day, stolon length growth of 2.75 mm/day, assimilator length growth of 4.85 mm/day, and assimilator diameter growth of 1.24 mm/day. Statistical analysis confirmed that there were significant differences in growth across the various substrate treatments, highlighting the influence of substrate type on the cultivation success of C. racemosa. Overall, this study concludes that mud represents the optimal substrate medium for the culture of C. racemosa. These results provide important implications for the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable aquaculture systems in Bintan Island. The promotion of C. racemosa as an aquaculture commodity holds strong potential to support local livelihoods and contribute to the economic development of coastal communities in Bintan Island, Indonesia.
Screening sorghum varieties for salinity tolerance based on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits
Abstract. Tarigan DM, Lestami A, Nawar MK, Barus WA, Munar A. 2025. Screening sorghum varieties for salinity tolerance based on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Biodiversitas 26: 5226-5237. The global food and energy crisis highlights the urgent need for alternative crops that can thrive on suboptimal land, including saline soils. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a promising candidate due to its wide varietal diversity and adaptive potential. Evaluating varietal responses under salinity is essential to identify the most tolerant and productive types. This study assessed the morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of six sweet sorghum varieties (Suri 3, Super 1, Super 2, Soper 6, Soper 7, and Soper 9) under salinity stress with an electrical conductivity of 6.59 dS/m. A non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications was employed. Plant performance was evaluated through key traits, including biomass, chlorophyll content, cuticle thickness, and seed biochemical composition. The results indicated that Suri 3 and Soper 6 demonstrated superior tolerance compared to the other varieties. These genotypes maintained higher dry weight, better chlorophyll retention, thicker cuticles, and enhanced protein content under saline conditions. Among the measured variables, dry weight, cuticle thickness, total chlorophyll, and protein concentration were the most influential in distinguishing varietal tolerance levels. The study highlights that a combination of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits can serve as reliable indicators for identifying salinity-tolerant sorghum genotypes. Such findings provide valuable guidance for sorghum breeding and improvement programs, particularly in the development of sustainable agriculture on saline-prone lands.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Glochidion subgenus Phyllanthodendron (Phyllanthaceae) in Thailand and Laos revealed by SCoT markers
Abstract. Ilmi ZL, Chantaranothai P, Balslev H, Duanyai J, Pornpongrungrueng P. 2025. Genetic diversity and population structure of Glochidion subgenus Phyllanthodendron (Phyllanthaceae) in Thailand and Laos revealed by SCoT Markers. Biodiversitas 26: 5534-5543. Two species of Glochidion subgenus Phyllanthodendron (Phyllanthaceae) were previously recorded in Thailand and Laos: Glochidion mirabile, which occurs throughout Thailand and adjacent Laos, and Glochidion kaweesakii, which is a local endemic in northeastern Thailand. During field work, we encountered three populations that were difficult to assign to either of the two known species on morphological grounds. In this study, we used SCoT markers to assess genetic diversity and relationships among 101 individuals from 22 populations to clarify their taxonomic status. Seven SCoT primers that provided 100% polymorphic bands (mean Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) = 0.26) were selected for the analysis. We found low genetic variation for G. kaweesakii (Nei's genetic diversity (H) = 0.05), unidentified populations 1 (H = 0.05), and unidentified populations 2 (H = 0.06). Both G. mirabile and the third unidentified population exhibited low genetic variation within populations but high variation between populations, which was associated with a high genetic differentiation coefficient among populations (Gst = 0.67 and 0.66, respectively). Clustering analysis grouped all individuals into three clusters. Cluster I included G. mirabile and the third unidentified population, Cluster II included the two remaining unidentified populations, and Cluster III consisted of G. kaweesakii. Population structure analysis identified two groups that are significantly different from clustering analysis. Genetic relationships were consistent with geographic distribution. The results support the possibility that the third unidentified population should be considered part of G. mirabile, whereas the two remaining unidentified populations represent potentially distinct lineages that require an integrative taxonomic approach to confirm. Given the low genetic diversity and limited gene flow, a comprehensive conservation strategy focusing on improving habitat connectivity and facilitating gene flow should be considered to enhance the long-term viability of these species.
Morpho-biology of Pomadasys auritus from bottom longline catches in Tarakan waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Firdaus M, Ibrahim AJ, Salim G, Haryono MG, Bija S, Girsang NR, Mujiyanto M, Hartinah S, Hartati R, Rozi. 2025. Morpho-biology of Pomadasys auritus from bottom longline catches in Tarakan waters, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5870-5880. Pomadasys auritus is an economically important demersal species in Tarakan waters, yet the biological information required for effective stock management remains limited. This study describes the morphological characteristics and estimates the growth parameters of P. auritus captured by bottom longlines. Sampling was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 at the Selumit Landing Site, yielding 219 specimens across 16 fishing trips. Morphological identification was based on diagnostic opercular traits, fin-ray formulas, and body colouration. Growth parameters were estimated using the von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF), resulting in an asymptotic length (L?) of 109.53 cm, a growth coefficient (K) of 0.0194 day?¹, and a theoretical age at zero length (t?) of 0.823 days. These values indicate slow growth and a tendency to reach large body sizes, traits characteristic of long-lived demersal fishes that are naturally susceptible to fishing pressure. The catch composition, dominated by sub-adult and adult individuals, suggests that Tarakan waters serve as an important habitat supporting the growth phase of this species. This pattern underscores the need for cautious management, particularly because slow-growing species are vulnerable to rapid stock depletion under sustained exploitation. The dataset generated in this study provides an essential biological baseline that can support more accurate stock assessments and inform the development of appropriate management strategies for demersal fisheries in northern Kalimantan. Given that the dataset is derived solely from landing-site observations, future studies should incorporate reproductive biology, feeding ecology, environmental conditions, and mortality parameters to enhance population models and strengthen the scientific basis for managing P. auritus in Tarakan waters.
Phytochemical diversity and anticancer potential of Etlingera elatior fruits across ecological regions in Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Asmilia N, Sari W, Nursanty R, Saudah, Zumaidar. 2025. Phytochemical diversity and anticancer potential of Etlingera elatior fruits across ecological regions in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5423-5429. Etlingera elatior (Zingiberaceae) fruit is a traditional Acehnese medicinal plant known for its diverse bioactive compounds. This study investigated the phytochemical diversity, antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity, and anticancer potential of E. elatior fruits collected from three regions of Aceh: Pidie, the Gayo Highlands, and Simeulue Island. Qualitative and quantitative screenings were performed to assess secondary metabolites, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). Antioxidant capacity was performed by the DPPH assay, cytotoxicity by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), and anticancer activity by the MTT assay against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The results revealed clear regional differences in phytochemical profiles and bioactivities. Simeulue fruits exhibited the highest TPC and TFC, while extracts from the Gayo Highlands showed the strongest antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Notably, the Gayo extracts also demonstrated the most potent anticancer activity, significantly inhibiting MCF-7 cell proliferation. These findings highlight the ecological influence on phytochemical diversity and biological activity of E. elatior, with altitude and geographic conditions shaping metabolite accumulation. Overall, the study demonstrates that E. elatior fruits, particularly those from the Gayo Highlands, possess considerable anticancer potential. This underscores the importance of conserving local biodiversity and supports the development of E. elatior as a natural source for novel anticancer agents. Further research should prioritize isolation of active constituents, molecular pathway analysis, and in vivo validation to advance its development for nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical applications.
Pathogenesis-related proteins response in citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) infected by Curvularia andropogonis
Abstract. Solekha R, Mahbubillah MA, Tamam MB, Sofialana F, As-Syifa AH, Djazuli A, Purnobasuki H. 2025. Pathogenesis-related proteins response in citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) infected by Curvularia andropogonis. Biodiversitas 26: 5485-5494. The development and growth of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) are often hindered by Curvularia andropogonis fungal infection, which causes leaf disease. One key approach is to identify the expression of Pathogenesis-Related (PR)-17 and PKS type III defense proteins in citronella after C. andropogonis infection, serving as a model for counterattacking fungal infection. This study aimed to (i) determine chalcone synthase enzyme activity in C. nardus against C. andropogonis infection, (ii) identify the PR-17 response of C. nardus leaves, and (iii) identify the metabolic variations of flavonoid derivatives of C. nardus leaves. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was carried out to analyze the enzyme activity. Protein identification was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The variation of secondary metabolites was measured using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The results indicated that the enzyme CHS activity in infected C. nardus leaves had increased significantly compared to healthy leaves. PR-17, PR-2, and PR-3 were only expressed in C. nardus infected with C. andropogonis. Profile of flavonoid-derived metabolites in C. nardus infected with C. andropogonis changed significantly, involving seven flavonoid-derived metabolites. The activation of CHS, accompanied by elevated expression of defense-related proteins and increased levels of flavonoid derivatives, creates a synergistic defense strategy in infected C. nardus. These responses strengthen the plant immunity, restrict fungal colonization, and enhance overall resistance, making them important indicators of plant-pathogen interactions.
Environmental factors influencing lek site selection in the red bird of paradise (Paradisaea rubra) in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Budhiana R, Hamidi A, Hernowo JB, Setiawan Y. 2025. Environmental factors influencing lek site selection in the red bird of paradise (Paradisaea rubra) in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5277-5286. Understanding the ecological determinants of lek site selection is crucial for the conservation of lek-breeding species, such as the red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra), which is endemic to Waigeo and Batanta Islands in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the primary habitat characteristics that influence lek-site preferences in P. rubra by employing a spatially explicit, multivariate methodology. Ten environmental variables (tree diameter, tree height, lek height, lek diameter, lek angle, lek length, altitude, slope, temperature, and humidity) were documented across known lek sites, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to address collinearity and capture ecological gradients. A multiple linear regression model was then applied to the principal components to assess their association with lek suitability (Y). Three principal components were extracted: PC? (topographic openness), PC? (microclimate), and PC? (vertical structure). Regression results identified PC? as the strongest predictor of lek suitability (B: -2.629, p: 0.002). PC? represents a topographic canopy gradient, with higher values indicating denser canopy and steeper terrain at higher elevations. The negative regression coefficient, therefore, indicates that males preferentially select leks in structurally open habitats with gentler slopes, reduced canopy density, and moderate elevations. PC? and PC? had positive but non-significant effects (p>0.1), though both suggest that lek preference may also be influenced by microclimate comfort and vertical signal projection. Lek site selection in P. rubra is strongly influenced by structural and spatial habitat features, especially canopy openness and elevation. The findings emphasize that lek selection in P. rubra is shaped by the interplay of topography, microclimate, and vertical structure. Conservation strategies should prioritize protecting ridge top forest zones and limiting forest infill from secondary growth or plantation encroachment, which may disrupt lek functionality and reduce reproductive opportunities in this iconic species.
Ethnobiology and symbolic roles of plants and animals in Javanese funeral rituals, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Pinasti LR, Iftitani MA, Malikasari, Muna MB, Zulfani SD, Indrawan M, Wahyuni T, Saensouk S, Setyawan AD. 2025. Ethnobiology and symbolic roles of plants and animals in Javanese funeral rituals, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4805-4820. This study explores the ethnobotanical and ethnozoological dimensions of funeral and post-funeral traditions among the Javanese Muslim community in Kalibawang, Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. The research aimed to document the species of plants and animals used in ritual practices, their symbolic meanings, and their integration with Islamic and local cultural values. A descriptive–exploratory approach was employed, combining qualitative interviews with 90 respondents, field observations, and quantitative analysis using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) index. The findings revealed 19 plant species and 4 animal species involved in various stages of the ritual process. Flowers and leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, particularly Jasminum polyanthum, Magnolia × alba, Cananga odorata, and Oryza sativa, which held the highest RFC values (0.67-0.87). Among animals, Gallus domesticus ranked highest (RFC 0.67), followed by Bos indicus and Oreochromis spp.. These species function as ritual mediators expressing purity, devotion, fertility, and gratitude. The integration of Islamic principles with Javanese cosmology forms a harmonious synthesis that sustains both spiritual and ecological values. Moreover, the continuous use and cultivation of ritual species in homegardens contribute to biodiversity conservation through cultural continuity. The study concludes that the Kalibawang funeral tradition represents a living model of biocultural sustainability, where religious belief, cultural identity, and environmental stewardship coexist in a dynamic equilibrium that strengthens community resilience and moral ecology.
Cytogenetic characterization of Guaiacum officinale, chromosome number and conservation management
Abstract. Pikulthong V, Javadi B, Maneechai S, Homthong M, Sarakit P, Thongprapha C, Umpunjun P, Sraphet S, Tanomtong A. 2025. Cytogenetic characterization of Guaiacum officinale, chromosome number and conservation management. Biodiversitas 26: 5468-5475. Guaiacum officinale, commonly known as lignum vitae (Kaew Chao Chom), is a tree species in the Zygophyllaceae family valued for its ecological and economic importance but threatened by overexploitation. Cytological studies of this endangered species remain scarce. This study presents the first cytogenetic analysis of G. officinale, focusing on both mitotic and meiotic processes. Root tip samples were collected between 05:00 and 12:00 to examine mitosis, while young flower buds were collected between 06:00 and 13:00 to analyze meiosis. Peak mitotic activity occurred at 10:00, although the very small chromosome size and limited spreading during slide preparation posed challenges for accurate counting. In contrast, meiotic analysis at 08:00 provided clear evidence of 12 bivalents at metaphase I, establishing a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 24. Chromosome pairing was generally regular, with occasional anomalies observed, but overall meiotic stability indicated high fertility and strong reproductive potential. These findings clarify the chromosomal behavior of G. officinale and demonstrate its diploid, cytologically stable nature. The results provide a critical baseline for understanding taxonomy and evolutionary relationships within Zygophyllaceae and offer essential guidance for conservation and sustainable management of this endangered species. These findings represent the first cytogenetic report of G. officinale in Thailand and provide baseline data for future taxonomic, genetic, and conservation studies of this threatened species.
Otolith morphometrics for growth and conservation assessment of endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) in Sabah, Malaysia
Abstract. Gunawan EH, Fui CF, Tuzan AD, Kadar NA, Pratiwy FM, Buwono ID, Senoo S. 2025. Otolith morphometrics for growth and conservation assessment of endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) in Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 5770-5779. The endangered Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) plays a vital role as a carnivorous fish in coral reef ecosystems. However, it faces severe threats from overfishing and habitat degradation, necessitating evidence-based conservation strategies. This study assessed growth pattern, biological condition, and size structure by integrating fish morphometric and otolith metrics from 41 specimens collected in Eastern Sabah, Malaysia. Fish total length from 27.51 to 103.88 cm (mean SD = 35.28±11.72 cm) and body weight from 330.24 to 19400.85 g (mean SD = 757.32±2934.41 g). Linear regression revealed a near-isometric length-weight relationship (b = 3.062, 95% CI [2.904, 3.219], r² = 0.975, p<0.001), indicating proportional growth with robust model fit. Fulton's condition factor (K) was stable across size classes (range: 1.319-2.089, mean ± SD: 1.695±0.189), showing no significant differences (ANOVA, p>0.05) and suggesting consistent physiological health amid environmental pressures. Size distribution was skewed toward juveniles and intermediates (<40 cm, 78% of samples), highlighting potential recruitment overexploitation. Otolith metrics demonstrated strong predictive power, with otolith weight correlating highly with fish length (r² = 0.784, p<0.001) and weight (r² = 0.766, p<0.001), validated through cross-validation (CV-MSE comparable to in-sample MSE) and residual diagnostics confirming normality, homoscedasticity, and independence. These findings highlight the vulnerability of C. undulatus populations in Eastern Sabah, which juvenile exploitation may undermine recovery potential. Otolith-based metrics provide cost-effective, essential baseline data for stock assessments, enabling precise monitoring of growth and demographics. For future conservation management, this supports implementation of minimum size limits, enhanced marine protected areas, and community-led surveillance, fostering sustainable recovery of this iconic species and reef biodiversity.
Reproductive toxicity and histopathological effects of heavy metal exposure in male Nile tilapia from the Brantas River, Indonesia
Abstract. Tuska HSA, Hariati AM, Sanusi A, Ciptadi G, Rumhayati B, Susanto H, Residiwati G, Aulanni’am A. 2025. Reproductive toxicity and histopathological effects of heavy metal exposure in male Nile tilapia from the Brantas River, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5169-5180. Heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems poses critical threats to fish health, particularly reproductive function. The Brantas River, one of Indonesia’s most economically important watersheds, has experienced escalating contamination due to industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste discharges, leading to ecological concern. This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation and toxicological effects of heavy metals on histopathological alterations (necrosis, inflammation, hyperemia, and hyperplasia) in gills and testes, and on sperm quality (viability, DNA integrity, and morphological abnormalities) of male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Brantas River Basin, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Water and tissue samples were collected from five river sites (25 male fish; 5 fish per site). Heavy metal levels in water were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Histopathological scores were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Sperm viability, DNA fragmentation, and morphology were assessed microscopically. Statistical analyses included One-Way ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests (IBM SPSS 23.0; p<0.05). Cadmium (Cd) and iron (Fe) were found at elevated concentrations, particularly at Kalisari (Cd = 0.0129 ppm; Fe = 7.690 ppm]), exceeding WHO (0.003 and 0.3 ppm) and USEPA (0.005 and 0.3 ppm) guidelines. Fish from this site exhibited the most severe histopathological alterations in both gills and testes: necrosis (1.8±0.24; 2.27±0.70), inflammation (2.13±0.27; 2.00±0.85), hyperemia (1.93±0.27; 2.60±0.63), and hyperplasia (2.07±0.27; 2.33±0.72), respectively. Sperm quality was significantly compromised: viability (60.27±1.17%), DNA fragmentation (59.4±0.87%), and morphological abnormalities (43±1.47%) (p<0.05). Strong positive correlations were found between Fe levels and testicular inflammation (r?=?0.909), testicular hyperplasia (r?=?0.921), and gill hyperplasia (r?=?0.913) (p<0.05). Cd was negatively correlated with sperm plasma membrane integrity (r?=?-0.927) and DNA integrity (r?=?-0.896) (p<0.05). In conclusion, chronic exposure to Cd and Fe in the Brantas River is associated with marked tissue pathology and reduced reproductive performance in Nile tilapia. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated river health monitoring and pollution control strategies to protect aquatic biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services in the Brantas River Basin.
Responses of black soybean to rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and mycorrhiza on physiology and root development under drought stress
Abstract. Lestariana DS, Purwanto E, Rahayu M, Supriyono. 2025. Responses of black soybean to rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and mycorrhiza on physiology and root development under drought stress. Biodiversitas 26: 5824-5837. This study investigated the combined effects of rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the physiological and root development responses of two contrasting black soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, Malika and Detam 2. A factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatment included two cultivars (Malika, Detam 2), AMF (inoculated, non-inoculated), and five biosilica nanoparticle concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and mean differences were compared with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that cultivar Malika maintained 0.72% (p<0.05) lower H?O? accumulation and stronger antioxidant activity, while cultivar Detam 2 exhibited better root development when treated with 150-200 ppm biosilica nanoparticle and combined with AMF inoculation, showing the longest length (37 cm; p<0.05) and the greatest volume (3.17 cm³; p<0.05). These improvements indicate that bio silica nanoparticles supported redox stability and osmotic regulation, while AMF strengthened nutrient acquisition and root elongation. Overall, the integrated application of AMF and bio silica nanoparticles induced complementary biochemical and morphological tolerance mechanisms in both cultivars, enhancing drought resilience through reduced oxidative stress, improved osmotic balance, and strengthened root development. This study provides evidence of synergistic interactions between AMF and rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles in black soybean, offering a sustainable, waste-based strategy to improve legume productivity under dryland and climate-stress conditions.
DNA barcoding of 19 Lutjanus species to support fisheries management in the Bird’s Head Seascape, Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Toha AHA, Manangkalangi E, Pranata B, Dailami M, Maulana AR, Ariyani DF, Gratia MDT, Pratama RN, Nurcahyani SE, Milansari S, Jeni, Putri RFH, Parinding Z, Wangi EM, Wyrasti AF, Mayor CEMP. 2025. DNA barcoding of 19 Lutjanus species to support fisheries management in the Bird’s Head Seascape, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5287-5302. Red snapper species (family Lutjanidae) are economically important reef fishes traded at local, national, and international levels. However, species-level taxonomic resolution and conservation assessments remain limited in the Bird’s Head Seascape (BHS) region of West Papua, Indonesia. This study applied DNA barcoding of the mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to assess Lutjanus species diversity and distribution within the Kaimana and Fakfak Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). A total of 77 specimens were successfully sequenced, resulting in a barcoding success rate of 100%. Nineteen species were identified: Lutjanus argentimaculatus, L. bengalensis, L. biguttatus, L. bohar, L. decussatus, L. ehrenbergii, L. erythropterus, L. fulviflamma, L. fulvus, L. gibbus, L. quinquelineatus, L. lemniscatus, L. malabaricus, L. monostigma, L. rufolineatus, L. russellii, L. sebae, L. timoriensis, and L. vitta. Thirteen species were recorded in Fakfak and twelve in Kaimana, with several species unique to each MPA. No genetic differences were observed among individuals within the same species. In contrast, the genetic distance between different species ranged from 2.8% to 19.3%. A total of nineteen monophyletic groups were recovered in the NJ phylogenetic trees, which were supported by high bootstrap values (91-100%). Lutjanus decussatus formed two subgroups in the phylogenetic trees. All identified species are currently listed as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN, though population trends for most remain unknown, and some are declining. These findings demonstrate the utility of DNA barcoding for accurate species identification in data-poor tropical regions and provide a genetic baseline for future monitoring efforts. The confirmed presence of commercially exploited and potentially declining species underscores the need for site-specific fishery assessments and adaptive management strategies. Integrating molecular tools into routine monitoring can enhance enforcement of species-based catch limits and support sustainable fisheries management within Indonesia’s MPAs.
Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila on the liver function of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Abstract. Abd Hakim MMBH, Anshary H, Djawad MI, Perdiansyah MR. 2025. Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila on the liver function of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Biodiversitas 26: 5430-5437. Aeromonas hydrophila is a major bacterial pathogen in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) aquaculture, responsible for systemic infection, tissue damage, and high mortality. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of graded acute infections on liver function and histopathology of African catfish under controlled laboratory conditions. Seventy-two fish were allocated to three bacterial treatment groups with increasing concentrations and a control group, each with three replicates. After seven days, blood samples were analyzed for ten biochemical indicators of hepatic function, including plasma proteins, transaminases, bilirubin, bile acids, cholesterol, and liver enzymes, while histopathological examinations were conducted on liver tissues. The infection induced significant alterations in albumin, globulin, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin, reflecting impaired plasma protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glucose regulation, and bilirubin conjugation. In contrast, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bile acids, and cholesterol remained stable, suggesting that the infection predominantly caused hepatocellular rather than cholestatic injury. Histopathological changes were consistent with the biochemical results, showing progressive vacuolar degeneration, inflammatory infiltration, hemorrhage, and hepatocellular necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Together, these findings provide integrated evidence of liver dysfunction and pathology in C. gariepinus following acute A. hydrophila infection. The identified biomarkers and histological alterations may serve as reliable indicators of disease progression and offer valuable insights for the development of therapeutic interventions, health prognosis, and sustainable management strategies in catfish aquaculture.
Diversity and cellulolytic potential of gut bacteria isolated from Blaberus and Panesthia cockroaches in Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Sabariah S, Suhartono S, Rizki A. 2025. Diversity and cellulolytic potential of gut bacteria isolated from Blaberus and Panesthia cockroaches in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5145-5155. Forest-dwelling cockroaches harbor diverse gut microbiota capable of degrading complex organic compounds, particularly cellulose. This study investigated the diversity and cellulolytic potential of gut bacteria isolated from two cockroach genera, namely Blaberus and Panesthia, collected from the Soraya Research Station, Aceh, Indonesia. Ten individuals of each species were collected between January and March 2025 using standardized pitfall traps and hand collection methods. Through systematic isolation and characterization, a total of 19 bacterial isolates were isolated comprising 10 from Blaberus and 9 from Panesthia. Morphological and biochemical analysis revealed diverse bacterial genera, with Blaberus harboring Klebsiella, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus, while Panesthia contained predominantly Bacillus (55.5%) along with Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus. Three isolates from Blaberus demonstrated cellulose-degrading capabilities, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas with cellulolytic indices of 0.08, 2.45, and 3.08, respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed high concentrations of linoleic acid in these cellulolytic isolates. These findings are the first study of cellulolytic bacteria from forest cockroaches in Indonesia's unique Aceh ecosystem, enhancing understanding of tropical forest nutrient cycling and demonstrating significant potential for sustainable biotechnological applications in enzyme production and bioconversion processes.
Pharmacognostic authentication and bioactivity of polyherbal essential oils from red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger
Abstract. Hamad A, Wahyuningrum R, Pusparini DH, Faridaeni D, Isabila EM, Hartanti D. 2025. Pharmacognostic authentication and bioactivity of polyherbal essential oils from red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger. Biodiversitas 26: 5132-5144. People in Baturraden, Indonesia, use rhizomes of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga) to make polyherbal formulations for managing masuk angin symptoms. This study aimed to verify the identity of the crude drug, determine the antioxidant properties of the formulations, and evaluate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of polyherbal essential oils to assess the effectiveness for curing masuk angin symptoms. The identity of the red ginger, turmeric, and aromatic ginger crude drugs was conducted by following the pharmacopoeial method. The crude drugs were prepared into seven formulations, designated as Formula 1 through Formula 7. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using the standard 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity method, and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the microdilution method, with the percentage of inhibition as a parameter. The polyherbal formulations exerted different DPPH scavenging activity and TPC, with the highest values observed in Formula 1[red ginger only, 178.01±3.88 mmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g] and Formula 2 [turmeric only, 9.60±0.28 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g], respectively. Each polyherbal essential oil contained a different constituent profile. Polyherbal essential oils showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Streptococcus aureus and Candida albicans, with more profound antifungal activity than antimicrobial activity. Formula 3 demonstrated the highest overall antimicrobial activity, with percentages of inhibition against Streptococcus aureus and Candida albicans were 15.75±1.32% and 71.67±3.39%, respectively. The findings confirmed the identity of the crude drugs, highlighting the potential of a local polyherbal formulation, particularly Formula 3, for its antioxidant and moderate antimicrobial activities associated with masuk angin symptoms.
Revealing genetic markers and evolutionary insights within Piperaceae in chloroplast genome architecture of Indonesian Piper betle
Abstract. Rahmat E, Anindita L, Sianipar NF, Assidqi K, Kang Y, Happy K, Wicaksono A. 2025. Revealing genetic markers and evolutionary insights within Piperaceae in chloroplast genome architecture of Indonesian Piper betle. Biodiversitas 26: 5906-5919. Piper betle is one of the most significant medicinal plants in Southeast Asian tradition, yet its genomic resources remain limited compared to other members of the genus. In this study, we report the first complete chloroplast genome of an Indonesian isolate of P. betle, providing a much-needed reference for future molecular work. The genome was assembled into 161,313 bp with a typical quadripartite structure consisting of an LSC (88,995 bp), an SSC (18,201 bp), and two nearly identical IRs (27,057 and 27,060 bp). A total of 113 genes were annotated, including 79 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA genes. Repeat analysis revealed 70 cpSSRs, markedly fewer than those described in other Piper species, along with 104 long repeats dominated by palindromic types. Sliding-window analysis detected variable regions in ndhG and ndhI in addition to the well-known hotspots ycf1 and rpl32-ndhF, two novel loci that may serve as species-specific markers. Phylogenetic reconstruction clustered the Indonesian isolate with P. hancei, P. nigrum, and P. kadsura, yet comparison with a Chinese isolate indicated paraphyletic placement across two clades which may indicate a role of geographic divergence in shaping plastome evolution. The results of these genomic resources reveal reduced SSR content, novel divergence hotspots in ndhG and ndhI, and the paraphyletic relationship with the Chinese isolate: creating potential in marker development and evolutionary studies, while also laying the groundwork for future applications in conservation and biotechnology.
Pollen source diversity in Apis cerana beekeeping around Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Amalia CA, Amakpe F, Azzahra HR, Hasanah DN, Putri VK, Ati AS, Ramadan AD, Shanida SS, Kusmoro J, Hermawan W, Wulandari I, Husodo T. 2025. Pollen source diversity in Apis cerana beekeeping around Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5405-5422. Honey bees play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functioning through pollination, yet their foraging ecology is strongly influenced by floral resource availability across habitats and seasons. This study investigated the pollen spectrum of Apis cerana in the Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia, during the rainy season. Pollen traps were installed in apiaries located at the Deer Breeding Site (interior forest) and Maribaya Site (forest edge) to collect samples for palynological analysis. A total of 32 pollen types from 20 families were identified, with higher richness in the Deer Breeding Site (25 types) than in Maribaya (21 types). Family-level analyses indicated the dominance of Asteraceae, followed by Fabaceae and Lauraceae. At the species level, Tithonia diversifolia emerged as the most dominant pollen type based on the Important Value Index (IVI), accompanied by Mimosa pudica, Sphagneticola trilobata, and Persea americana. Diversity indices showed moderate pollen diversity overall (H?: 1.76), with greater heterogeneity in the interior forest (H?: 1.87) compared to the edge habitat (H?: 1.31). These results demonstrate both the ecological importance and risks of invasive species such as T. diversifolia and S. trilobata, which provide abundant forage but may threaten native flora. Conversely, native species such as Schima wallichii and Arenga pinnata highlight sustainable alternatives. Integrating native forage plants into apiary landscapes is therefore recommended to support apiculture while conserving biodiversity in tropical forest ecosystems.
Karst-specific distribution of endangered Hopea celebica in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Nasri, Kamiya K, Shimamura T, Ichie T. 2025. Karst-specific distribution of endangered Hopea celebica in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 26: 5395-5404. Hopea celebica is an endangered tree species endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, with limited ecological information available on its habitat preferences. This study aimed to investigate its distribution and habitat association in karst and non-karst areas of Bantimurung Bulusaraung (Babul) National Park, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Seedlings, saplings, and adult trees were counted in 36 plots (50×20 m) selected using purposive sampling (18 plots in karst and 18 in non-karst areas). Elevation, slope, and canopy cover, were measured in each plot, and soil samples were analyzed for nutrient content and texture. Hopea celebica occurred exclusively in karst areas (12 of 18 plots), particularly in porous and massive karst types, showing a clumped distribution (?²: 36, p<0.001; Morisita’s I?>3, p<0.001). Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that H. celebica was positively associated with steeper slope, higher soil pH, and denser canopy, but negatively with elevation. These findings highlighted porous and massive karst areas as key habitats, characterized by well-drained conditions at lower elevation, with healthy regeneration (inverted J-shaped diameter class distribution). This study suggests the need to protect porous and massive karst zones to ensure the long-term survival of H. celebica populations.
Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of matoa (Pometia pinnata) from South Sumatra, Indonesia based on ITS rDNA
Abstract. Hanum L, Usman SG, Oktariansyah Y. 2025. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of matoa (Pometia pinnata) from South Sumatra, Indonesia based on ITS rDNA. Biodiversitas 26: 5515-5524. Matoa (Pometia pinnata) is an ecologically and economically significant tropical fruit tree, however, its genetic variation in South Sumatra, Indonesia remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of four matoa variants, i.e., red, yellow, green, and forest types using ITS rDNA sequences. PCR amplification yielded sequences of 681 bp for cultivated and 478 bp for forest matoa, revealing two InDel haplotypes, 141 InDel sites, and three InDel events with moderate haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.50) and low InDel diversity per site (?i = 0.001). These findings indicate limited but informative structural variation linked to insertion-deletion mutation events, supporting the ITS region’s dual role as both a conserved barcode and a marker for intraspecific differentiation. Phylogenetic and AMOVA analyses showed clear separation between cultivated and forest variants, with almost all genetic variation (99.9997%) partitioned among populations (Fst = 0.999997), suggesting restricted gene flow and possible ecological divergence. Despite high sequence similarity of 99.85% to 100% confirming conspecificity, forest matoa formed a distinct clade and grouped separately, highlighting its potential as a unique genetic reservoir. These results provide foundational molecular insights for conservation, breeding, and germplasm authentication strategies for matoa in Indonesia.
Phytochemical and antioxidant potential of Bruguiera sp. fruits revealed by LC-HRMS and conventional assays
Abstract. Hastuti ED, Hidayati SN, Prihastanti E, Hakim ML, Darmanti S, Suedy SWA. 2025. Phytochemical and antioxidant potential of Bruguiera sp. fruits revealed by LC-HRMS and conventional assays. Biodiversitas 26: 5714-5725. Almost all mangrove fruits contain phytochemicals and nutrients, exhibiting varying levels of antioxidant activity that help them adapt to extreme environmental conditions. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical profile, nutrient composition, and antioxidant activity of Bruguiera sp. mangrove fruit through qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis was performed using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to analyze the phytochemical profile. Quantitative analysis included determining nutrient composition using gravimetry, the Kjeldahl method, and the by-difference method. Secondary metabolites and pigments were analyzed using spectrophotometric analysis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was determined through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) assay. The results showed that Bruguiera sp. fruits contained lipids (28%), flavonoids (10%), alcohols (8%), carbohydrates (8%), and esters (8%) as the five most abundant groups of compounds that play a role in adaptation to a highly saline environment. In addition, its adaptability is also demonstrated by its high phenol concentrations (11.2% w/w) and significant levels of chlorophyll b (9.77 mg/g). The nutrient composition indicated a high carbohydrate content (79.21% w/w), carotenoids (17.61 ?mol/g), and vitamin C (15.68 mg/kg). The integration of LC-HRMS with conventional methods improves the identification of bioactive compounds. Antioxidant analysis demonstrated very strong activity (0.19 ppm), indicating potential antioxidant activity. These findings indicate that the Bruguiera sp. fruit is a promising natural source of antioxidants with significant potential as a functional food and valuable medicinal source. The strong antioxidant properties of this fruit contribute to the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress and provide a sustainable nutritional alternative, especially in areas with limited access to nutritious foods.
Plankton diversity around Sempu Strait, Indonesia, revealed by eDNA metabarcoding
Abstract. Aliviyanti D, Amalia SHN, Dailami M, Prihanto AA, Sari SHJ, Djamaludin H, Wiratno EN. 2025. Plankton diversity around Sempu Strait, Indonesia, revealed by eDNA metabarcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 5848-5856. Plankton diversity plays a critical role in assessing marine ecosystem health and productivity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a highly informative tool for detecting plankton biodiversity more comprehensively compared to conventional methods. This study assessed plankton diversity and water quality in the Sempu Strait, Indonesia, by analyzing eDNA samples collected from five stations during a single sampling period in August 2024. Environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and phosphate) were measured and found within typical ranges, except for nitrate and phosphate, which exceeded marine quality thresholds. Water samples were filtered and amplified using the 18S V9 region, and sequences were processed using DADA2 and assigned taxonomically against the PR2 database. A total of 361 species across 341 genera were identified from 2.8 million raw reads. The Shannon-Wiener index (H') diversity indices range from 4.61 to 6.43, while Simpson's index (D) ranges from 0.964-0.997, indicating overall high alpha diversity. The most dominant phytoplankton genera were Leptocylindrus and Chaetoceros, while Neocalanus dominated the zooplankton community. Stations near anthropogenic activity showed distinct taxonomic profiles and higher nutrient concentrations. These findings confirm that eDNA metabarcoding is an effective and sensitive approach for monitoring marine plankton communities. This method enhances biodiversity detection and provides valuable reference for future ecological assessments and conservation planning in Indonesian coastal ecosystems.
Mitochondrial phylogeny and genetic diversity of Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota) from the Brantas River, Indonesia
Abstract. Amalia E, Sufaichusan I, Dailami M, Faqih AR, Widodo MS, Wiadnya DGR, Kusuma WE. 2025. Mitochondrial phylogeny and genetic diversity of Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota) from the Brantas River, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5694-5702. Hampala barb (Hampala macrolepidota), a native freshwater fish species in the Brantas River, East Java, is currently under severe threat due to intense fishing and environmental perturbations. The urgency of this situation necessitates the immediate implementation of effective genetic management and conservation programs, which rely on basic scientific information such as genetic characterization. This study aimed to assess the phylogenetic relationships, genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of H. macrolepidota using a 1,095 bp sequence of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b from 23 individuals collected across four sampling locations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. macrolepidota from the Brantas River clustered together and formed a single group with very shallow genetic divergence. Population structure analyses (both ?st and AMOVA) showed high gene flow and an absence of significant genetic clustering, suggesting the sampled area constitutes a single, interconnected population unit. The combination of high haplotype diversity (hd: 0.714-1.000) but low nucleotide diversity (?: 0.00156-0.00728), along with the negative Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs values, suggested that the species has likely experienced a bottleneck effect followed by a rapid expansion in the past. This decline of genetic diversity points to a reduced long-term adaptive potential, causing the species to be highly vulnerable to future environmental changes, despite its current abundance. The results highlight the urgent need for effective genetic management and conservation programs for the species to focus on maintaining genetic connectivity and minimizing anthropogenic pressures to preserve the genetic integrity and long-term viability of the population. Future studies incorporating nuclear or genome-wide markers would provide finer resolution of population structure and complement the mitochondrial data presented here.
Using Bat Cave Vulnerability Index (BCVI) to determine cave conservation priorities in the Tuban Karst Area, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Prakarsa TBP, Suhartini, Putri RA, Nugroho FA. 2025. Using Bat Cave Vulnerability Index (BCVI) to determine cave conservation priorities in the Tuban Karst Area, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5040-5048. Bats are keystone species in cave ecosystems, acting as major providers of energy that sustain diverse cave-dependent communities. Their presence and diversity make caves crucial habitats for broader ecosystem stability. In the Tuban Karst Area, East Java, Indonesia, where caves host high species diversity and endemism, bats play a central role in maintaining ecological balance. However, this ecosystem faces severe threats from ongoing habitat destruction. Identifying caves that should be prioritized for conservation requires an understanding of bat diversity, endemism, behavior, and conservation status, as well as a standardized mechanism for risk evaluation. This study aimed to determine cave conservation priorities in the Tuban Karst Area through a holistic rapid assessment using the Bat Cave Vulnerability Index (BCVI) with an index ranging from high to low conservation priority: 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, ..., 4D. Sampling was conducted purposively in five caves: Lawa Belik, Srunggo, Jingkat, Ngerong, and Akbar. Data were analyzed using the BCVI method, which integrates biotic potential and vulnerability, represented primarily by bat species diversity and cave exposure to threats. The caves were ranked from highest to lowest conservation priority as follows: Ngerong (1A), Lawa Belik (2B), Akbar (3A), Srunggo (3B), and Jingkat (3C). This study demonstrates the significance of caves as bat roosting habitats. These findings highlight the critical role of bats in guiding cave conservation strategies and provide an evidence-based framework for prioritizing management actions in caves with the highest BCVI scores.
Soil macrofauna abundance and soil characteristics of limestone post-mining land in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Wasis B, Putra FR, Winata B, Putra EI, Applegate G. 2025. Soil macrofauna abundance and soil characteristics of limestone post-mining land in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 314-5323. Limestone mining can lead to the loss of soil fauna and a decline in soil quality on post-mining land. Soil, as a key component of forest ecosystems, exhibits distinct characteristics across site types. Revegetation is an important strategy to restore ecosystems and biodiversity through tree planting. This study, which aimed to assess the abundance of soil macrofauna, characterize site conditions, and evaluate the influence of soil properties on macrofauna abundance in the limestone post-mining area of PT Solusi Bangun Indonesia, Narogong, Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia, has yielded significant findings. Soil macrofauna were collected using hand sorting and hand capture methods, while biodiversity indices were calculated. Undisturbed soil samples (ring samples) were used for physical property analysis, and disturbed samples (0-20 cm depth) were used for chemical and biological analyses. Data were analyzed using Least Significant Difference (LSD) and negative binomial regression analysis. Macrofauna abundance in Old Revegetation 2010 (OR) sites (54±18.4 individuals) was significantly higher than in Open post-mining land (O) (0.5±0.7) and Young Revegetation 2018 (YR) sites (3.5±2.1) researched in 2023. Porosity, organic carbon, soil pH, soil respiration, and dry litter weight showed significant positive correlations with macrofauna abundance, while soil temperature had a significant negative correlation. These findings, which underscore the importance of revegetation and the role of soil macrofauna as an indicator of post-mining soil quality recovery, are of significant interest to the scientific community and conservation practitioners.
Baseline assessment of coral and fish assemblage relationships in Tanjung Palas Timur Marine Protected Area, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Weliyadi E, Anggoro S, Haeruddin, Saputra SW, Najib M, Amaliah F, Kase AAB, Yusuf MY, Akhmadi MF. 2025. Baseline assessment of coral and fish assemblage relationships in Tanjung Palas Timur Marine Protected Area, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5303-5313. Coral reefs are vital ecosystems supporting biodiversity, coastal defense, and local livelihoods, but remain vulnerable to human and environmental pressures. This study provides the first integrated ecological baseline for the core zone of the Tanjung Palas Timur Marine Protected Area (KKPTPT), North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and Underwater Visual Census (UVC) methods alongside key water quality measurements, the study assessed coral cover, reef fish assemblages, and environmental parameters. Multivariate analyses: Jaccard similarity, Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), Mantel test, and Procrustes analysis were employed to explore community patterns. The average live coral cover was moderate (46.19%), with higher values on fringing reefs. Coral species richness peaked at Station 1 (19 species), while fish richness was highest at Station 4 (8 species). Mantel (r: -0.452, p: 0.085) and Procrustes (M²: 0.624, p: 0.33) analyses indicated weak congruence between coral and fish assemblages. Slight increases in TSS were associated with reduced biological richness, while stable hydrodynamic conditions supported reef health. These findings emphasize the importance of sediment management and habitat structure in sustaining reef resilience. These findings suggest that fish diversity is not solely dependent on coral assemblages but also influenced by environmental drivers such as substrate stability and hydrodynamics. The study offers critical insights for ecosystem-based management through sediment control, substrate rehabilitation, adaptive zoning, and participatory monitoring.
Tolerance of rhizospheric and endophytic microbes to pesticide residues and their potential for rice growth
Abstract. Rangkuti EE, Akhdiya A, Munif A, Siregar IZ, Anwar S. 2025. Tolerance of rhizospheric and endophytic microbes to pesticide residues and their potential for rice growth. Biodiversitas 26: 5267-5276. Rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria are recognized for their ability to enhance plant growth by producing hormones and acting as biocontrol agents. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria tolerant to three pesticide-active substances. Based on the antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Bacillus sp. and Bacillus siamensis isolates achieved the highest inhibitory activities of 81.13 % and 78.55 %, respectively. Bacillus sp., B. siamensis, Acinetobacter radioresistens, and Providencia vermicola were able to solubilize phosphate. Production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) was confirmed in Bacillus sp., Bacillus toyonensis, and Acinetobacter radioresistens, and all isolates also possessed the ability to fix nitrogen (N). Based on these parameters, Bacillus sp. and B. siamensis were selected for further analysis. The results showed that Bacillus sp. isolates supported rice seed tolerance to herbicides and insecticides in the range of 5-10 ppm and improved growth in the presence of difenoconazole and glyphosate at 10 ppm. Meanwhile, B. siamensis was tolerant to fungicides in the 5-10 ppm range. None of the selected isolates showed reduced growth after 24 h of incubation in the tolerance test for pesticide contamination. Observably, Bacillus sp. isolate treated with fipronil (5 ppm) was better than the control. It also matched the performance of the control treated with difenoconazole at 5 ppm. These suggested that the selected isolates improved rice growth and tolerance to the active ingredients of the pesticides, contributing to sustainable cultivation practices.
Distribution and estimation of economic losses due to long-tailed macaque in the sago agroindustry in Lingga District, Riau Islands, Indonesia
Abstract. Prameswari AS, Masy’ud B, Zuhud EAM, Al Manar P. 2025. Distribution and estimation of economic losses due to long-tailed macaque in the sago agroindustry in Lingga District, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5385-5394. The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is an opportunistic primate that frequently interacts with community-based agricultural systems, including the sago agroindustry in Lingga District, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Such interactions can cause material losses and threaten the sustainability of local livelihoods. This study aimed to analyze the population distribution, age structure, and economic impact of sago log damage caused by macaques. Field surveys were conducted using line transects, spatial analysis using ArcGIS 10.8, and structured interviews with sago farmers. The results recorded 18 groups comprising 116 individuals, with an average population density of 10.74 individuals/km². Sub-adults represented the dominant age class, displaying the highest levels of foraging and social activity, which increased their contact with stored sago logs. The average log damage reached 11,860.63±1,519.95 cm³ (9.56±1.22%), corresponding to a starch loss of 1.61±0.26 kg per log and annual economic losses of approximately IDR 22.7±3.6 million. Although local communities employ traditional deterrents, such as covering sago logs with sea sand and sago fronds, their effectiveness remains limited owing to inconsistent application and high labor requirements. This study provides one of the first empirical estimates of wildlife-induced post-harvest losses in the sago sector and highlights the need for integrated mitigation strategies that combine traditional ecological knowledge with scientific approaches, including physical barriers, habitat management, and buffer crop planting. Such integrative, community-based management is essential to minimize economic losses, mitigate human-wildlife conflict, and enhance the long-term sustainability of the sago-based agroindustry.
Diversity of gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in different altitude regions of the Zarafshan Mountains and adjacent areas, Uzbekistan
Abstract. Uralov U, Kudratov J, Pazilov A, Izzatullaev Z, Khalimov F, Otakulov B, Jabbarov A, Fundukchiev S, Orziyeva Y, Suyunov G, Abduxamidovich BM, Boymurodov K, Gulboev D, Urinova X. 2025. Diversity of gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in different altitude regions of the Zarafshan Mountains and adjacent areas, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 26: 5012-5022. As an important part of the food chain in nature, it is of great importance to determine the systematic structure and diversity of mollusks. This study presents data obtained by assessing the current state of the taxonomic structure of gastropod mollusks in biogeographical regions with different vertical heights in the study area. The study area includes 15 locations in the Zarafshan Mountains of Uzbekistan and adjacent areas. The study sites were formed based on more than 3,000 samples collected in 2018-2025. It was found that the gastropod fauna of the region consists of 80 species belonging to 21 families and 35 genera. Using modern morphological and anatomical methods of species identification, Archaica haziratishaxika was identified for science; the following species were recorded for the first time as new species for the region, adding to the region's biodiversity: Sogdamnicola shadini, Lymnaea fragilis, Galba truncatula, Radix bactriana, Candaharia rozeni, Macrochlamys turanica, Macrochlamys kasnakowi, Vertigo antivertigo, and Chondrina intumescens. The results obtained will serve as a primary source for supplementing the data on the gastropod fauna of mountain ranges in Uzbekistan with the missing data on the Zarafshan Mountains and adjacent areas, and will provide specialists with the first information on this area.
Light intensity drives regeneration in fragmented mushroom coral Lithophyllon repanda anthocaulus and anthocyathus more than the spectra
Abstract. Widiastuti, Diwanti NP, Agnesya, Putri NM, Agustini KMP, Ramadhan A, Prasetia R. 2025. Light intensity drives regeneration in fragmented mushroom coral Lithophyllon repanda anthocaulus and anthocyathus more than the spectra. Biodiversitas 26: 5258-5266. Aquaculture offers a sustainable approach to meeting the high demand in the international ornamental aquarium trade for coral species within the family Fungiidae. Fragmentation, which is the most predominant form of asexual reproduction in the family Fungiidae, helps corals to survive anthropogenic and natural threats. This study aimed to investigate the regeneration phase and time of the artificially fragmented anthocaulus (an attached stalk-like structure) and anthocyathus (a mushroom-like structure) in the mushroom coral Lithophyllon repanda under different light spectra (blue and white lights) and intensities. The anthocaulus was horizontally fragmented from its anthocyathus, which was grown under different light spectra and at various intensities (n = 9 per treatment) for 166 days in controlled aquaria. The regenerations were observed and photographed under a stereomicroscope every 2 days. The results demonstrated that, despite differences in light properties, similar regeneration phases were observed in both fragmented anthocaulus and anthocyathus. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the regeneration time to develop primary polyps on the fragmented anthocaulus and recovered anthocyathus under different light spectra; however, they significantly regenerated and recovered faster at intensities of 130-54 µmol m-2 s-1 for less than 30 days. It implies the vital role of light intensities on the production of new polyps and regeneration of fungiid corals ex situ.
Morphophysiological evaluation of hybrid maize lines from peak and test crosses for high-yield development
Abstract. Nasaruddin, Farid M, Anshori MF, Nur A, Iriany N, Fadhilah AN. 2025. Morphophysiological evaluation of hybrid maize lines from peak and test crosses for high-yield development. Biodiversitas 26: 5204-5210. The increasing demand for maize in Indonesia amid stagnant productivity underscores the need for innovative breeding approaches to enhance yield potential and resilience. This study integrates morphophysiological trait analysis with hybrid maize lines derived from transgressive segregants and elite line, aiming to identify promising genotypes and key traits associated with high productivity under tropical conditions. A total of 96 genotypes, consisting of 60 hybrids, 20 parental lines and 4 commercial controls, were evaluated using an augmented design. Observations were made on agronomic and physiological traits. This is the first report combining peak and test cross schemes with morphophysiological evaluation in tropical maize, which broadens the genetic base and addresses the limitation of narrow parental pools. Several hybrid maize lines, particularly G29 (8.7 t.ha-1), G28, and G39, outperformed their parents in yield performance. Traits such as cob weight, number of seeds per row, and plant height exhibited high heritability and strong direct effects on yield, highlighting their suitability as selection criteria in breeding programs. Overall, integrating source traits (e.g., plant height, chlorophyll index) and sink traits (e.g., cob characteristics) provides an effective strategy for developing high-yielding and resilient maize hybrids suitable for smallholder-based production systems in tropical environments.
Impacts of tourism and fire on ground-dwelling insect diversity in tropical pine forests of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Sadapotto A, Christine SAP, Prastiyo A. 2025. Impacts of tourism and fire on ground-dwelling insect diversity in tropical pine forests of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5109-5117. Ground-dwelling insects serve as sensitive bioindicators of environmental change in tropical pine forests. This study aimed to compare the structure of ground-dwelling insect communities across three management areas of the Tala-Tala pine forest, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, namely the tourism area, non-tourism area, and post-fire area. This is the first study of ground-dwelling insect communities in Sulawesi's tropical pine forests. Sampling was conducted using multiple insect collection techniques, and ecological indices were applied to evaluate diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance. Statistical analyses were employed to compare land-use types and to assess their relationships with environmental factors. Diversity and evenness were lower in protected areas, whereas the tourism zone exhibited higher richness and dominance. Statistical analysis indicated significant (p<0.05) differences among land-use types in Shannon diversity, species richness, evenness, and dominance indices. Person correlation analysis showed a very strong negative correlation between diversity and dominance (r: -0.99), and a strong positive correlation between richness and soil pH (r: 0.99). Cluster analysis grouped the post-fire and tourism habitats, indicating similar disturbance levels, while PCA revealed that distinct environmental variables and ecological indices influenced each land-use type. The findings suggested that integrating biodiversity-friendly tourism practices with targeted post-fire habitat restoration supported insect diversity. These approaches also sustained the ecological and recreational value of tropical pine forests.
Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activity of n-hexane extract of Macaranga depressa leaves
Abstract. Rosyidah K, Sanjaya RE, Irawati U, Hikmah N, Fitriani RA, Rosadi JT, Kusuma IW, Yadi, Simamora AV, Ola ARB, Budiana IGMN. 2025. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antidiabetic activity of n-hexane extract of Macaranga depressa leaves. Biodiversitas 26: 5156-5168. The Macaranga genus has been used in folk medicine to treat pathological disorders like diabetes. However, the chemical constituents and bioactivity of Macaranga depressa have never been studied. Thus, this study combined phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial evaluation, and in silico molecular docking of M. depressa. It aims to determine the phytochemical profile, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities of n-hexane extract of M. depressa leaves. Sample extraction was carried out by maceration method. The phytochemical profile of the plant was determined by phytochemical screening method and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro using disc diffusion method. Antidiabetic activity was tested in vitro and in silico including drug similarity analysis, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) pharmacokinetic profile, toxicity potential, and molecular docking interaction. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and tannins. GC-MS analysis identified stigmast-4-en-3-one (32.76%) and 4',6'-dimethoxy-2'-hydroxy-3-nitrochalcone (14.82%) as the major components. The extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (18.0±0.44 mm), Escherichia coli (19.4±0.57 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.5±1.32 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (21.2±0.47 mm). The in vitro antidiabetic test using the ?-glucosidase enzyme showed that the n-hexane extract of M. depressa had an IC50 value of 17.561±0.471 ppm. ADMET analysis indicated that the major components followed Lipinski’s rule, exhibited drug-like properties, and were non-mutagenic. Molecular docking results showed strong interactions between the major compounds and maltase-glucoamylase (2QMJ) and PPAR-? (2Q5S). These findings suggest that the n-hexane extract of M. depressa leaves has promising antimicrobial and antidiabetic potential.
Bat diversity in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Mansawan (Nueva Vista), Philippines
Abstract. Baterna RCB, Ramos AMB, Magsalay DD. 2025. Bat diversity in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Mansawan (Nueva Vista), Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 4898-4907. Bats are essential components of tropical ecosystems, functioning as pollinators, seed dispersers, and natural pest regulators. However, their populations are increasingly threatened by habitat loss, hunting, and human disturbance, particularly in regions where survey data remain scarce. The Philippines, recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, harbors 73 bat species, including many endemics, yet localized assessments in Mindanao remain limited. This study assessed bat species diversity across an elevational gradient in Sitio Guillan, Barangay Nueva Vista, Don Victoriano Chiongbian, Misamis Occidental, Philippines, situated within the buffer zone of Mt. Malindang National Park. Sampling was conducted in January and April 2024 using mist-netting and the capture-mark-release method over 360 net-hours at three sites ranging from 1,042 to 1,241 m asl. A total of 134 individuals representing seven species from three families were documented. Five species were fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Haplonycteris fischeri, Ptenochirus jagori, P. minor) and two were insectivorous bats (Hipposideros diadema, Rhinolophus subrufus). Of these, three species were Philippine endemics and one was Mindanao-endemic. Conservation assessments indicated six species as Least Concern and one as Data Deficient. Site 1, located near a cave system, exhibited the highest species richness and diversity (H?: 1.642), while Site 3, dominated by vegetable plantations at higher elevation, showed reduced diversity. These findings provide critical baseline information on bat assemblages in Misamis Occidental, highlighting the ecological value of caves and surrounding forests as key habitats. Strengthening conservation measures in buffer zones is essential to mitigate habitat disturbance, safeguard endemic populations, and enhance sustainable biodiversity management in northern Mindanao.
Morphological and genetic identification of novel cryptic freshwater shrimp species (Caridina and Macrobrachium) in Northeastern Thailand using DNA barcoding
Abstract. Saengprajak J, Wangkahart E, Phalaraksh C, Pakdeenarong N. 2025. Morphological and genetic identification of novel cryptic freshwater shrimp species (Caridina and Macrobrachium) in Northeastern Thailand using DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 4886-4897. The phylogenetics clarifies species identities, reveals cryptic lineages, and assesses saline soils area may suppress cryptic diversity in freshwater prawns. Thus, this study used morphological identification and DNA barcoding to assess species composition and genetic variation of freshwater prawn species in saline and non-saline soil. Specimens were collected from 300 samples across 15 sites (saline-soil areas of Mahasarakham Province and non-saline habitats of Mukdahan Province) and identified based on morphology. Mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) barcodes were also sequenced for molecular identification. Morphological analysis revealed three species (Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium niphanae, and Caridina macrophora) were found in both Mahasarakham and Mukdahan. In comparison, Caridina gracilirostris was recorded exclusively in Mukdahan, with four species (Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium niphanae, Caridina macrophora, and Caridina gracilirostris), with Mukdahan harboring one additional atyid (Caridina gracilirostris) not found in Mahasarakham. DNA barcoding revealed six distinct genetic lineages, including the four morphologically identified species and two cryptic lineages (Macrobrachium sp. and Caridina sp.) not detectable through morphology. Macrobrachium sintangense was identified by DNA in Mukdahan samples despite being misidentified morphologically. Mukdahan Province showed higher species richness and a lack of soil salinity, whereas saline conditions corresponded with lower diversity. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in revealing cryptic diversity and distributional differences influenced by environmental factors. Our findings provide a baseline for freshwater prawn conservation in Northeast Thailand and underscore the importance of integrative taxonomy for biodiversity assessment.
Field evaluation of botanical and synthetic insecticides against fall armyworm in maize
Abstract. Siregar HM, Dadang, Sartiami D, Winasa IW, Zulkatri E. 2025. Field evaluation of botanical and synthetic insecticides against fall armyworm in maize. Biodiversitas 26: 5125-5131. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has emerged as a significant threat to maize production in Indonesia, leading to significant yield losses and ecological risks in control practices due to the overreliance on synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of botanical and synthetic insecticide applications on the population abundance and attack intensity of S. frugiperda, as well as their impact on parasitoid parasitism rate. The field experiment was conducted at the Sawah Baru Experimental Farm, IPB University, during the vegetative stage using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven blocks and three treatments. These treatments include a botanical insecticide formulated as a 50 Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) from a hexane extract mixture of Piper retrofractum fruits and Annona squamosa seeds (2:1 w/w), a synthetic insecticide (emamectin benzoate 30 EC), and a control. The data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in R Studio version 4.4.2. The results showed that both insecticides effectively reduced the population abundance and attack intensity of S. frugiperda, with the synthetic insecticide exhibiting higher efficacy. However, the botanical insecticide was found to be relatively safer for parasitoids. These findings emphasize the potential of botanical insecticides as a promising and ecologically safer alternative for pest control, suitable for integration into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, thereby supporting a more sustainable approach to maize production.
Microclimate diversity across sweet corn varieties and implications for agrobiodiversity in precision intercropping
Abstract. Pantouw CF, Patandean B, Ritonga AW, Chozin MA, Rachmat A. 2025. Microclimate diversity across sweet corn varieties and implications for agrobiodiversity in precision intercropping. Biodiversitas 26: 5238-5247. The intercropping of sweet corn (Zea mays) and bird’s eye chili (Capsicum frutescens) is a promising land-use intensification strategy to improve resource-use efficiency while strengthening agrobiodiversity. This study evaluated four sweet corn varieties (Arinta, Exotic, Talenta, and Paragon) combined with two chili genotypes, Bonita (shade-loving) and Ori 212 (shade-tolerant), arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications at the Pasir Kuda Experimental Station, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, Indonesia. Microclimate parameters (temperature, relative humidity, light intensity) were recorded with data loggers and lux meters, while chili morphophysiological traits included plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, and physiological responses. Results indicated that variation in sweet corn canopy architecture significantly altered microclimatic conditions. Exotic and Talenta reduced light intensity by 43% (to 35,000 lux), which favored the growth of Ori 212 (height 65.25 cm; leaf area 19.61 cm²). Paragon created the coolest and most humid microclimate (29.7°C; 61.95% RH), stimulating maximum leaf expansion in Bonita (20.98 cm²). Arinta maintained higher light levels (47,633 lux), while the open control (>62,000 lux) suppressed chili growth (height 25 cm; leaf area 6-9 cm²) due to heat stress and photoinhibition. Pearson correlation further revealed strong positive associations among photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, demonstrating that microclimate directly regulates chili physiological dynamics. In conclusion, sweet corn canopy diversity plays a decisive role in shaping niche differentiation for chili in intercropping systems. The Exotic-Ori 212 and Paragon-Bonita combinations emerged as the most compatible patterns for achieving balanced growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and strengthened agrobiodiversity in sustainable tropical farming systems.
Isolation and selection of nitrogen-fixing rhizosphere bacteria from vegetable crops
Abstract. Thuy NP, Tuu NT. 2025. Isolation and selection of nitrogen-fixing rhizosphere bacteria from vegetable crops. Biodiversitas 26: 4841-4850. Intensive vegetable cultivation in Vietnam's Mekong Delta heavily relies on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, causing significant environmental issues. The aim of this study was to identify indigenous nitrogen-fixing bacteria as sustainable biofertilizers, emphasizing their crucial role in enhancing soil health and agro-biodiversity. Rhizospheric soils were collected from 17 local vegetable species, isolating 36 distinct bacterial strains. Initial characterization revealed a numerical dominance of Gram-positive bacteria (>83%), reflecting adaptation to Tra Vinh's unique conditions, and included a filamentous Actinobacteria isolate. The functionally potent Gram-negative isolates exhibited morphological and biochemical characteristics consistent with genera, such as Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Dyella. Nitrogen fixation screening via micro-Kjeldahl showed activity from 5.89 mg/L to 24.59 mg/L NH4+. Five elite strains, identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Stenotrophomonas sp. SM9.2, Achromobacter sp. IB1.2, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis SM18.2, Achromobacter sp. SM9.1, and Dyella sp. SM18.3, demonstrated the highest nitrogen fixation rates. Laboratory bioassays with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) confirmed significant plant growth promotion. Notably, Stenotrophomonas sp. SM9.2 increased fresh biomass by 27.7% and shoot length by 16.6%, while Achromobacter sp. IB1.2 improved seed germination by 9.9%. These findings highlight promising candidates for local biofertilizer production and underscore the importance of leveraging indigenous microbial biodiversity for sustainable farming solutions.
Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and their pathogenicity against Odoiporus longicollis in Mizoram, India
Abstract. Lalramnghaki HC, Lalramliana, Vanlalhlimpuia, Hmingthanzuala, Lalramchuani M, Vanramliana, Lalremsanga HT, Lalzarzovi ST. 2025. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and their pathogenicity against Odoiporus longicollis in Mizoram, India. Biodiversitas 26: 5371-5384. Odoiporus longicollis, (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), commonly known as the banana pseudostem weevil (BPW), is a significant pest that reduces banana yield. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), recognized for their robust biocontrol ability, can control economically important insect pests and can be integrated into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. To identify EPNs, a survey was conducted across Mizoram, Northeastern India. Of all the 538 soil samples collected, 19 (3.53%) were positive for EPNs, representing13 of 36 collection sites (36.11%). The ITS and 28 rDNA sequence analyses identified 13 EPN isolates: seven Heterorhabditis indica, one H. baujardi, three Steinernema sangi, and two S. surkhetense. Pathogenicity tests were performed by exposing O. longicollis larvae to various concentrations of nematodes in Petri dish assay. Each EPN isolate was tested twice, with eight replicas per concentration (IJs/larva). BPW larval mortality ranged from 25-100% for both H. indica and S. sangi, 18.75-100 and 12.5-100% for H. baujardi and S. surkhetense, respectively. Based on LC50 and LT50 values, H. indica was the most lethal, followed by S. sangi, H. baujardi, and S. surkhetense. All EPN isolates successfully colonized dead larvae, with heterorhabditids multiplying more effectively than steinernematids. H. indica showed the highest multiplication rates, producing 77.5±14.44 x 103 and 125.97±31.49 x 103 IJs emerging at 10 and 200 IJs/insect, respectively. Nevertheless, the nematode multiplication rates, measured by the number of offspring produced, varied significantly among species [F (3, 28) = 67.57, p?0.05]. These findings on EPNs distribution enhance the knowledge on their geographical diversity and support their potential use in field management.
Resilience of wild and cultivated bitter melon (Momordica charantia) under deficit irrigation in Vietnam
Abstract. Nguyen TV, Kasim M, Anggraini T, Doan LN, Duong NV. 2025. Resilience of wild and cultivated bitter melon (Momordica charantia) under deficit irrigation in Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 5248-5257. Water scarcity increasingly constrains vegetable production in tropical regions, requiring adaptive strategies such as deficit irrigation and the use of resilient genetic resources. This study evaluated the physiological and agronomic responses of two Momordica charantia accessions—designated as the wild type (TCCS VP-BT08/16) and the cultivated type (TCCS VP-BT01/14)—under three irrigation regimes (80 %, 65 %, and 50 % of field capacity, FC) in a split-plot field experiment conducted during the 2024–2025 dry season in Vietnam. Growth traits, SPAD chlorophyll values, and cumulative dry fruit yield were assessed using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P < 0.05). Irrigation significantly influenced all measured traits (P ? 0.001). The cultivated type showed strong early vigor under full irrigation but declined rapidly after ~90 days under water stress, whereas the wild type maintained stable growth, branching, leaf production, and SPAD values across irrigation levels through 120 days. Dry fruit yield was sustained at 65% FC in both accessions (~185 g plant-¹ wild, ~178 g plant-1 cultivated) without significant reduction from full irrigation, while severe deficit (50% FC) caused moderate yield decline in the wild (~22%) and substantial losses in the cultivated type (~50%). These findings indicate that maintaining soil moisture at 65% FC can sustain bitter melon yield under dry-season conditions and highlight the superior drought resilience of the wild bitter melon as a valuable genetic resource for breeding climate-resilient cultivars.
Structure and ecological dominance of mangroves in Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Lestarina PM, Bengen DG, Prartono T, Rifa’I MA, Zamani NP. 2025. Structure and ecological dominance of mangroves in Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4775-4782. The Tanah Laut Region is one of the districts in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, with significant mangrove potential. However, like many other coastal areas in Indonesia, the mangrove forests in Tanah Laut face serious threats. Strategic development of effective conservation and management requires a comprehensive understanding of the structure of mangrove communities and their ecological conditions. Research on relative density and the Importance Value Index (IVI) provides invaluable quantitative tools for assessing the status of mangrove communities. Relative density provides an overview of a species' abundance relative to others within a community. This study focuses on identifying and characterizing existing mangrove species and evaluating their community structure using quantitative methods. The study was conducted at four selected sampling points in the Tanah Laut coastal area of South Kalimantan: Muara Asam-Asam, Pagatan Besar, and Bawah Layung, Avicennia marina (152.44% to 300 %), and Muara Kintap, Rhizophora mucronata (104.27% to 202.86%) have high importance value indices at nearly all locations. The number of trees found of all types at the research site. The most abundant type of mangrove tree was A. marina with 208 trees, followed by R. mucronata with 155 trees. Bawah Layung site has the highest number of unique species (S = 7) and has a (H?) of 1.670 and a (D) of 0.764. Pagata Besar came second with an H? index of 1.413 and a (D) of 0.688. Muara Kintap and Muara Asam-Asam have only two dominant species,Their H? index values are below 1, and their Simpson's values are below 1. This study revealed that A. marina and R. mucronata species play an important role in maintaining the stability of mangrove ecosystems in the Tanah Laut coastal area. Therefore, to support long-term ecosystem resilience, conservation and rehabilitation efforts should focus on protecting these important species and increasing community heterogeneity.
Microbial diversity and fermentation optimization of tempoyak from Durian and Durian Lai
Abstract. Marwati, Candra KP, Emmawati A, Rohmah M. 2025. Microbial diversity and fermentation optimization of tempoyak from Durian and Durian Lai. Biodiversitas 26: 4908-4922. Tempoyak, a traditional fermented durian product, is a rich source of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential as a functional food. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of tempoyak made from Durian Lai (Durio zibethinus × Durio kutejensis, DZ_K) using Response Surface Methodology-Box Behnken Design (RSM-BBD) and to compare its bacterial community structure with that of regular durian tempoyak (DZ). The effects of salt (2-4%), sugar (0.5-1.5%), and fermentation time (2-4 days) on LAB counts, pH, acidity, sugar, and moisture content were evaluated, and optimal conditions for DZ_K were identified as 2.46% salt, 1.01% sugar, and 2 days of fermentation, yielding log 9.5 CFU/g LAB, pH 5.56, and acceptable acidity and sugar levels. Microbial profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) revealed distinct bacterial communities, with DZ_K dominated by Pediococcus (56.5%) and Weissella (12.23%), while DZ exhibited greater diversity, including Leuconostoc (42.43%) and Acetobacter (8.78%). Alpha diversity indices indicated higher microbial richness in DZ, and ordination analyses confirmed a clear separation between the two fermentation types. These findings suggest that DZ fermentation supports broader microbial diversity, potentially enhancing flavor complexity and fermentation stability, whereas DZ_K fermentation favors a LAB-driven process, improving product stability and probiotic potential, thereby providing a scientific basis for optimizing tempoyak production to enhance microbiological quality and safety.
Complementary detection of macroalgal diversity through visual surveys and eDNA metabarcoding in Lombok’s intertidal zone, Indonesia
Abstract. Buhari N, Jefri E, Damayanti AA, Paryono, Kholilah N, Ganapathy ML. 2025. Complementary detection of macroalgal diversity through visual surveys and eDNA metabarcoding in Lombok’s intertidal zone, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5638-5646. Macroalgae are fundamental architects of tropical marine ecosystems, yet their diversity in the Indonesian archipelago, a global marine?biodiversity hotspot, remains poorly documented. This study aimed to assess macroalgal diversity in the intertidal zones around Lombok Island, Indonesia, by comparing data from morphological surveys and eDNA metabarcoding. Visual sampling was carried out along five 100 m transects, each divided into 1?×?1?m quadrats, yielding 24 species dominated by green and brown algae; red algae were observed at only a few stations. In parallel, seawater from each station was pooled, filtered, and the 18S rRNA region amplified and sequenced, uncovering an additional 21 red?algal taxa that were absent from the morphological inventory; only Palisada?sp. was detected by both methods. Visual surveys provided detailed morphological and ecological information, whereas eDNA revealed cryptic, microscopic, and morphologically indistinct taxa. The contrasting outputs reflect methodological biases and highlight the benefits of integrating traditional and molecular approaches. These findings provide the first comprehensive baseline of macroalgal diversity in Lombok and emphasize the value of combining field and eDNA surveys for long-term monitoring and conservation of coastal ecosystems, a scalable model applicable to other understudied reef systems throughout the Indo?Pacific.
Heavy metal accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of shade plants in response to air pollution in Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Zahara M, Arifin VN, Rachman F, Aryani DS. 2025. Heavy metal accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of shade plants in response to air pollution in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5449-5457. There is increasing air pollution in Banda Aceh as the number of population and vehicles are growing. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of air pollution on shade plants by measuring heavy metals (i.e. Fe, Cu, Pb) accumulation, chlorophyll content and stomatal density of the leaves. Purposive sampling was conducted to collect leaves of plants exposed to two different levels of pollution, i.e. polluted plants along the busy streets in Jambo Tape Sub-district and less polluted plants (control) in Lamsayeun Village, Ingin Jaya Sub-district. There were five plant species that dominated the surveyed streets, i.e. Tamarindus indica, Polyalthia longifolia, Pterocarpus indicus, Plumeria acuminata and Athrotaxis sp. Leaf samples of the five dominant species were brought for laboratory analysis to measure heavy metal, chlorophyll content and stomatal density with three replicates taken from different individual plants of each species. Key findings included an increase in stomatal density in the polluted plants compared to the controls with the highest observed was in P. longifolia (807.82 mm-2). Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll levels were generally lower in polluted plants compared to those as control. These findings suggest an adaptation mechanism to pollution. There was an elevated heavy metal level (Fe, Cu, Pb) in foliage, particularly in Athrotaxis plant leaves with Fe content reaching 247.2 mg/kg exceeding toxicity thresholds. The study confirmed a significant level of pollution in the area studied. These findings provide critical insights for selecting plant species in urban greening initiatives, with the potential to enhance pollution mitigation and support ecosystem health.
River proximity and urban park attributes influence bird diversity in Arequipa, Peru
Abstract. Rivero-Mamani M, Villegas-Paredes L, Villasante-Benavides J, Luque-Fernandez CR. 2025. River proximity and urban park attributes influence bird diversity in Arequipa, Peru. Biodiversitas 26: 5838-5847. Urban green spaces are critical for sustaining biodiversity in rapidly expanding cities, yet their ecological function in arid landscapes remains poorly understood. This study examines how park attributes and river proximity influence bird diversity across 12 urban parks in Arequipa, southern Peru. Bird surveys were conducted using standardized point counts from January to June 2020. For each park, habitat structure, vegetation cover, noise level, and distance to the Chili River were quantified, and their effects on species richness and abundance were evaluated using model selection based on Akaike's Information Criterion. A total of 28 species were recorded in the urban parks, with Passeriformes and Columbiformes being well represented. The most frequent and abundant species were Turdus chiguanco and Zenaida meloda. Variation in species richness and abundance showed significant differences among the parks and sampling months. Parks located closer to the river exhibited higher diversity during the study period. In the analysis of structural characteristics and bird diversity, the models indicated that although distance to the river was not a relevant predictor, bird richness responded significantly to certain attributes, such as the proportion of green area, park size, and distance to the nearest agricultural zone. In contrast, abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity did not show significant responses. These findings underscore the ecological importance of riparian connectivity and vegetation structure in enhancing avian diversity within arid urban settings. Integrating green space design with river corridor conservation could improve habitat quality, strengthen urban ecological networks, and support long-term biodiversity resilience in Andean cities.
Insect abundance and pest prevalence across landscape types and seasons in arabica coffee plantations of West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Maharani Y, Utari A, Andriani TS, Maxiselly Y, Rasiska S, Sudarjat, Hutapea D, Hidayat P. 2025. Insect abundance and pest prevalence across landscape types and seasons in arabica coffee plantations of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5438-5448. West Java is renowned for being a leading producer of high-quality arabica coffee in Indonesia and has received international recognition for its products. The presence of insects, particularly pests, and the extent of the damage they cause are critical factors that influence coffee productivity. This study investigated the effects of landscape composition and climate on insect abundance and pest damage severity in Arabica coffee plantations in West Java, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted across three landscape types: settlements, agricultural, and agroforestry systems, during dry and rainy seasons in Cilengkrang and Pangalengan Districts. For each landscape type, five plots measuring 10 × 10 m were established for data collection. Insect sampling combined brocap traps, beating sheets, a yellow pan trap, and direct collection, while pest intensity was evaluated on fruiting coffee plants. The study revealed that insect community composition varied significantly across coffee plantations, influenced by landscape type and seasonal changes. Insect abundance was notably higher during the dry season, with 5,938 individuals counted, compared to 2,024 individuals during the rainy season. Climatic conditions had a significant impact on insect distribution and community structure. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) revealed more distinct community composition among landscapes in the dry season, while rainy-season communities were more homogeneous. Herbivorous insects were most abundant in agricultural areas, regardless of the season. Pest damage was mostly low, except for Hypothenemus hampei (coffee berry borer), which caused consistently high damage in settlements and agricultural areas regardless of season and exceeded economic thresholds (>5%). Findings highlight the strong influence of landscape structure and seasonal climate on insect community dynamics and pest pressure. The study's implications for pest management practices suggest that promoting habitat heterogeneity through agroforestry and diversified vegetation could enhance natural pest control and support sustainable Arabica coffee production.
Comparative analysis of chemical and biological properties of essential oils from fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum americanum
Abstract. Rusdi M, Rahim A, Rante H, Lallo S. 2025. Comparative analysis of chemical and biological properties of essential oils from fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum americanum. Biodiversitas 26: 4976-4982. Ocimum americanum is a tropical aromatic plant native to Southeast Asia and Africa, widely used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of post-harvest drying on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of O. americanum EOs were extracted via steam distillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay, while antimicrobial activity was measured using the agar diffusion method. GC-MS analysis revealed that geranial, neral, geraniol, and nerol were the most dominant components in the essential oil from fresh leaves. The most dominant compounds in dried leaves were geranial, neral, linalool, and trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The essential oil from fresh leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with a value of 38.08±2.17 mg TE/g EO. Conversely, the essential oil from dried leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity in the CUPRAC (278.23±1.78 mg TE/g EO) and FRAP (15.59±0.06 mg TE/g EO) assays. Fresh and dried EOs showed antimicrobial activities and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells, and the dried leaf EO demonstrated better anticancer potential, with an IC?? value of 22.91 µg/mL. These findings suggest that drying significantly alters EO composition and modulates its biological activities. The findings indicate that drying extends shelf life and diversifies applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and phytopharmaceuticals. Optimizing post-harvest processing could improve the therapeutic value and market potential of O. americanum, supporting its sustainable use and conservation.
Ethnobotanical utilization and cultural significance of taro (Colocasia spp.) in Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Oktavianingsih L, Wulandari N, Susanto D, Arif MF. 2025. Ethnobotanical utilization and cultural significance of taro (Colocasia spp.) in Berau District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5458-5467. Taro (Colocasia spp.) is a tuber crop of the Araceae family valued for its high nutritional and medicinal properties, widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Indonesia, particularly Kalimantan, harbors rich taro diversity and a long history of its utilization. However, comprehensive ethnobotanical studies on taro remain limited, especially concerning varietal diversity, plant parts used, processing methods, and cultural contexts. This study aimed to identify taro varieties in Berau District, East Kalimantan, and document their utilization by different ethnic groups. Data were collected through exploratory surveys, field observations, and semi-structured interviews involving approximately 50 informants from 14 ethnic groups across 26 villages in 10 sub-districts. Twenty accessions belonging to Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta and C. e. var. antiquorum were recorded, thriving in diverse habitats such as home gardens, swamps, and roadsides. Plant parts utilized included tubers (64%), stems (27%), leaves (6%), leaf stalks (2%), and leaf tips (1%). Taro served multiple purposes: staple food and vegetables, ceremonial materials (e.g., natural nail dye for weddings), traditional remedies for skin irritation, and livestock feed. Common preparation methods comprised frying, boiling, sautéing, and steaming. Women constituted the majority of users (92%), predominantly homemakers (60%), with most consumers aged 41-50 years. This study represents the first comprehensive ethnobotanical documentation of taro in Berau, highlighting its cultural and nutritional significance. The findings emphasize the urgency of preserving traditional knowledge to support germplasm conservation, local food innovation, and food security enhancement in tropical regions.
Environmental DNA reveals protist biodiversity in mangrove sediments of Java and Madura, Indonesia
Abstract. Al Falah MH, Soeprobowati TR, Hadiyanto H, Rahim A, Jumari J, Khotimperwati L, Cahyani NKD, Wojewódka-Przybyl M, Kruszewski L, Rydelek P. 2025. Environmental DNA reveals protist biodiversity in mangrove sediments of Java and Madura, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5211-5225. Mangrove ecosystems provide critical ecological services and harbor diverse microbial communities; however, the diversity of protists and their ecological roles in these habitats remains understudied. This research investigated the protist community composition in mangrove sediments from seven sites across the Java and Madura Islands, Indonesia, using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding targeting the 18s rRNA gene. Sediment samples were analyzed via Illumina MiSeq sequencing, with taxonomic assignment performed using the PR2 database. Five major protist supergroups were detected, exhibiting significant site-specific variations in community structure. Additionally, a wide range of taxa at the genus and species levels, including microalgae, vegetation, fish, insects, amoebae, protists, nematodes, fungi, and merostomata, were identified. The detection of parasitic and potentially pathogenic taxa, such as Exobasidiomycetes and Malassezia globosa, highlights potential ecological risks in mangrove sediments. The presence of diverse protists and fungi indicates active nutrient cycling and ecosystem resilience. Water quality supports the ecological function of mangrove habitats, with Total Dissolved Solids influencing the abundance of Malassezia globosa and Tetrahymena. This study demonstrates that eDNA metabarcoding is a novel method for revealing hidden biodiversity that is often missed by traditional methods. These findings provide crucial baseline data for the conservation and sustainable management of mangrove habitats, contributing to informed restoration and environmental monitoring efforts that protect vital ecosystem services in coastal regions.
Diversity and cultural significance of medicinal plants among multiethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia
Abstract. Asra R, Maryani AT, Yelianti U, Fijridiyanto IA, Adriadi A, Wibowo CAP, Saputri VA, Febrianti A. 2025. Diversity and cultural significance of medicinal plants among multiethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5023-5039. This study aims to document local knowledge of medicinal plants, analyze species diversity, plant parts used, processing methods, as well as cultivation and conservation practices among three major ethnic communities in Jambi Province, Indonesia: Javanese, Kerinci, and Malay. Data were collected through field observations, documentation, and in-depth interviews with more than 75 informants selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed, using the Cultural Significance Index (CSI) and Plant Part Value (PPV), with CSI statistical significance thresholds applied to distinguish cultural importance across species. A total of 156 species belonging to 61 families were recorded, with Zingiberaceae being the most dominant. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (49.75%). The highest CSI value was recorded for Allium sativum (60), while the lowest (3) was found in Saraca indica, Styrax benzoin, and Salvia rosmarinus. In terms of disease categories, medicinal plants were most commonly used for diabetes (16.67%), followed by fever (13.46%) and hypertension (12.18%). Knowledge transmission was largely ancestral (62%), supplemented by personal experience (21%), social interactions (10%), and modern sources (7%). These findings highlight the enduring role of medicinal plants as both a health resource and cultural heritage. This study represents the first comparative ethnobotanical analysis of Javanese, Kerinci, and Malay communities in Jambi, contributing novel insights into biodiversity documentation and conservation strategies rooted in local wisdom.
DNA extraction bias influences resistome profiles in seahorse skin microbiomes
Abstract. Ortega-Kindica RCMH, Balcazar JL, Tabugo SRM. 2025. DNA extraction bias shapes resistome profiles in seahorse skin microbiomes. Biodiversitas 26: 5049-5056. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental risks, particularly in coastal environments impacted by anthropogenic activities. Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.), as benthic and ecologically sensitive species, are in constant contact with biofilm-enriched sediments and can act as bioindicators of environmental ARGs. Their unique ecological niche and sensitivity to environmental changes make them ideal candidates for monitoring ARGs in marine ecosystems. In this study, the skin microbiome of Hippocampus barbouri was analyzed using shotgun metagenomics to assess the impact of two commercial DNA extraction kits, the HiMedia Water DNA Purification Kit (HMS) and the Qiagen DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit (QKS), on the detection of ARGs. DNA was extracted from the skin microbiome of 30 adult H. barbouri (Barbour's seahorse) collected from Cantiasay Island, Surigao del Norte, Philippines, and subsequently subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Across the samples, 17 ARG families were found with recovery varying between the extraction kits. The QKS kit yielded higher DNA concentrations and revealed a broader range of ARGs, including multidrug, macrolide, and ?-lactam. In contrast, the HMS kit recovered fewer ARG categories, possibly due to reduced cell lysis efficiency or the presence of inhibitors. Statistical analyses (p<0.05) confirmed significant kit-dependent differences in resistome profiles. These findings highlight that DNA extraction protocols can influence ARG detection and emphasize the need for rigorous methodological standardization in metagenomic studies. Furthermore, the detection of diverse ARGs in the skin microbiota of H. barbouri supports its potential as a sentinel species for environmental resistome monitoring in marine ecosystems.
Public perception and behavior toward butterfly diversity and benefits in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Fitriani N, Supangkat B, Hermawan W, Iskandar J, Abas MA. 2025. Public perception and behavior toward butterfly diversity and benefits in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5089-5108. Butterflies, with their ecological, cultural, and economic benefits, yet public understanding of their roles in Indonesia remains limited. This study assessed community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors (KAB) toward butterflies in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. A mixed-method approach was applied through structured and semi-structured interviews with 100 respondents, complemented by butterfly diversity surveys across 31 urban-to-rural transects. The quantitative data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho and Chi-square tests (N: 100, p<0.05), while qualitative interview data were examined through the SAMMSA framework. Butterfly diversity observations were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that knowledge levels were low (32%), moderate (41%), and high (27%). Attitudes were very positive (64%), moderately positive (33%), and negative (3%). Behaviors were largely pro-conservation (89%), with 8% moderately supportive and 3% low. Age (?: 0.285, p: 0.004) and education (?: 0.292, p: 0.003) were found to correlate positively with knowledge, while occupation significantly influenced attitudes (?²: 41.07, p: 0.008, V: 0.453) and behaviors (?²: 37.82, p: 0.019, V: 0.435). Knowledge did not predict behavior, but attitudes strongly did (?: 0.520, p<0.001, ?: 0.48, R²: 0.395). Field sampling recorded 87 species in five families, dominated by Nymphalidae, with kukupu coklat (brown butterflies) representing the largest folk category. The findings indicate that positive attitudes, more than factual knowledge, drive butterfly conservation behavior. Strengthening conservation in urban areas, therefore, requires experiential learning, cultural integration, and curriculum-based education to foster lasting community engagement in biodiversity protection.
Mangrove diversity and structure of Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia: Conserving forest patches in small island ecosystem
Abstract. Asadi MA, Jasmine AN, Widodo AT, Isdianto A, Rafinaldo R, Rozi HF, Firdaus M. 2025. Mangrove diversity and structure of Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia: Conserving forest patches in small island ecosystem. Biodiversitas 26: 5350-5359. Mangrove forests are vital coastal ecosystems, and in small island settings their conservation requires more attention including continuous assessment. This study investigated the diversity and structural characteristics of mangroves in Karimunjawa National Park (KNP), Indonesia, across zones and forest patches to extend beyond previous research. Field surveys in 39 plots (10 m × 10 m) across 13 locations on Karimunjawa and Kemujan Islands recorded 1,065 individuals from 15 species in eight families. Species density ranged from 5.13 ind./ha (Heritiera littoralis) to 1,230.77 ind./ha (Ceriops tagal), while basal area varied from 0.05 m²/ha (Bruguiera gymnorhiza) to 4.95 m²/ha (Rhizophora apiculata). Ceriops tagal had the highest importance value, followed by R. apiculata, Excoecaria agallocha, and Lumnitzera racemosa. Ecological indices showed moderate species diversity (Shannon–Wiener H’ = 1.73), relatively even distribution (Pielou’s J = 0.64), and low dominance (Simpson’s C = 0.26), indicating a mature and structurally balanced forest, although the community composition reflects dominance by a few key species with lower representation of rare taxa. The relatively high density of dominant species suggests successful regeneration yet highlights potential vulnerability if disturbances disproportionately affect these taxa. Mangroves in small islands setting in KNP are limited in area and highly sensitive to human pressures such as aquaculture and tourism. Safeguarding them is essential for ecosystem services and local livelihoods. Our findings provide baseline data to guide monitoring, zoning, and rare species protection, underscoring the need for integrated management to ensure long-term resilience.
Short Communication: Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis reveals lineage history of Indonesian Bubalus bubalis
Abstract. Sukri A, Wangiyana IGAS, Jannah H, Hadiprayitno G, Kholik, Drudi F. 2025. Short Communication: Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis reveals lineage history of Indonesian Bubalus bubalis. Biodiversitas 26: 4654-4661. Swamp buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, is one of the livestock that strongly influences Indonesian social culture. Phylogeography analysis to predict the lineage history of this species is essential for developing this species, especially for breeding purposes. Thus, this study aims to analyze the lineage history and phylogenetic relationship of Indonesian B. bubalis using the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. Blood samples of B. bubalis were taken from 7 sampling regions in Indonesia: Aceh (3 sites), Riau (1 site), Blitar (2 sites), Kalimantan (3 sites), Lombok (3 sites), Madiun (2 sites), and Tana Toraja (3 sites). DNA extraction is conducted from the blood sample, followed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification using forward primer L14841 and reverse primer H155149, followed by sequencing and reference search using MegaBLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). The phylogenetic relationship, based on Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood trees, shows that Indonesian B. bubalis from the Western Indonesia group (Aceh, Riau, Madiun, and Blitar) has a close relation with B. bubalis from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. Meanwhile, Indonesian B. bubalis from Central Indonesia (Kalimantan, Lombok, and Tator) has a close relation with B. bubalis from China, Japan, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. It could be concluded that Indonesian B. bubalis exhibit two distinct maternal lineages, indicating dual domestication routes: the South Asia lineage with a domestication center in India and spread out to Western Indonesia (Aceh, Riau, Blitar) and the East Asia lineage with a domestication center in China and spread out to Central Indonesia (Kalimantan and Lombok). Lineage analysis of Indonesian B. bubalis can have a significant impact on biodiversity, enriching worldwide genetic mapping and providing conservation data for breeding this species.
Monsoonal effects on meiofaunal assemblages in Pulau Tuba Mangroves, Langkawi, Malaysia
Abstract. Ramli R, Zulkifli NFD, Ismail A, Pardi F. 2025. Monsoonal effects on meiofaunal assemblages in Pulau Tuba Mangroves, Langkawi, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 4694-4705. Mangrove ecosystems are dynamic coastal habitats that support diverse and functionally important benthic communities, including meiofauna. This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of meiofaunal assemblages in the mangrove sediments of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Malaysia, in relation to monsoonal-driven environmental changes. Sediment and porewater samples were collected from four stations (MG1-MG4) in June 2023 and November 2023 to represent the Southwest Monsoon and Northeast Monsoon, respectively. Meiofauna were collected and classified to major taxa, while various environmental parameters were quantified, including salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, organic matter content, sediment grain size, and composition. A total of nine meiofaunal groups were recorded, namely Sarcomastigophora, Copepoda, Rotifera, Oligochaeta, Halacaroidea, Polychaeta, Ostracoda, Kinorhyncha, with Nematoda dominated (>90%) in both seasons. Meiofaunal density was significantly higher during the Southwest Monsoon (Paired t-test, p<0.05). Diversity indices showed low species diversity, with dominance by a few groups. Multivariate analyses revealed that seasonal variation had a greater influence on community structure than spatial differences. Principal Component Analysis and Distance-based redundancy analysis identified salinity, temperature, organic matter, and dissolved oxygen as the key environmental drivers structuring meiofaunal communities. These findings add to the limited body of research on Malaysian and tropical mangrove meiofauna and provide observational evidence that may inform conservation planning, sustainable management, and policy discussions aligned with SDGs 14 and 15.
Ecological diagnosis of Lake Batur (Bali, Indonesia) post-disturbance using multimetric phytoplankton indices
Abstract. Suryani SAMP, Sudiarta IG, Darmadi NM, Edi DGS, Sudiarta IK, Pratama GAS, Janaguna IMA, Sugiana IP. 2025. Ecological diagnosis of Lake Batur (Bali, Indonesia) post-disturbance using multimetric phytoplankton indices. Biodiversitas 26: 4982-4990. Plankton communities are rapid responders to environmental change and serve as sensitive indicators of ecological stress in tropical volcanic lakes. In July 2025, Lake Batur (Bali, Indonesia) experienced a major fish mortality linked to hypolimnetic upwelling and nutrient enrichment from aquaculture. To assess post-disturbance conditions, we sampled three sites with varying aquaculture intensity—Seked (low), Buahan (moderate), and Trunyan (high, mortality epicenter)—one week after the event. Field measurements included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, redox potential, nutrients, and sulfide, while phytoplankton analysis covered diversity (Shannon–Wiener), evenness (Pielou), dominance (Simpson), and saprobity (Dahuri). Results revealed clear spatial contrasts. Trunyan showed the strongest stress signals, with oxygen depletion, negative redox potential, and elevated ammonia, while Seked and Buahan displayed milder alterations. In total, 23 phytoplankton genera were identified, dominated by diatoms such as Ulnaria and Actinotaenium. Trunyan exhibited reduced richness, lower diversity (H’ = 1.84), and higher dominance (D = 0.27), indicating a shift toward opportunistic taxa. Saprobity values showed a gradient of organic pollution, increasing from Seked (1.5) to Trunyan (2.0), consistent with aquaculture intensity. These findings highlight the value of integrating multimetric plankton indices with physicochemical data to distinguish natural upwelling effects from anthropogenic nutrient loading. While diatom persistence suggests some resilience, recovery of sensitive taxa depends on reducing nutrient inputs and regulating aquaculture. This integrative framework offers a practical diagnostic tool for adaptive lake management and contributes to achieving clean water, climate action, and aquatic biodiversity goals.
Habitat-driven variation in amino and fatty acid profiles of Rabbitfish from the Makassar Strait and Gulf of Bone, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Halid I, Rusli A, Patahiruddin, Siswati, Syarifuddin M, Witno, Ar Razak RA, Syukroni I. 2025. Habitat-driven variation in amino and fatty acid profiles of Rabbitfish from the Makassar Strait and Gulf of Bone, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4865-4873. This study aimed to determine the amino and fatty acid profiles of Rabbitfish (Siganus spp.) inhabiting different marine environments, specifically the Makassar Strait and the Gulf of Bone, Indonesia. Samples were collected from four locations: Balang Lompo Island, Panikiang Island, Karang-Karangan, and Batu Lotong waters. Freshly caught specimens were transported to the laboratory in ice-cooled containers to maintain sample integrity before preparation and biochemical analysis. To assess the effect of habitat, the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of rabbitfish muscle tissues were quantified, and the data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The results revealed significant habitat-driven variation, with rabbitfish collected from Panikiang Island exhibiting the most complete and diverse amino acid profile. Both essential and non-essential amino acids showed significant differences compared to the other three sites, except for glycine and cysteine, which remained relatively consistent. Similarly, the fatty acid profiles of Panikiang Island samples were more comprehensive, with higher concentrations and diversity than those of fish from Balang Lompo, Karang-Karangan, and Batu Lotong. These findings demonstrate that habitat characteristics play an important role in shaping the biochemical composition of rabbitfish, providing valuable insights into ecological adaptation, nutritional quality, and potential implications for fisheries management and aquaculture development.
Estimation of biomass and carbon stored in trees in the Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area, Timor Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Dako FX, Kleruk FEI, Selanno FM, Gare KFS, Nopemnanu HM. 2025. Estimation of biomass and carbon stored in trees in the Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area, Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5324-5333. Forests are crucial in human life, particularly in preventing global warming caused by climate change. The Sisimeni Sanam Forest Area, located in the western part of Timor Island, Indonesia, contributes significantly to climate regulation and hence requires proper management. This study quantified above-ground biomass, carbon stock, and CO? sequestration in Sisimeni Sanam to provide a baseline for conservation and climate mitigation strategies. Systematic sampling was applied in the field using the Line Plot method. With a sampling intensity of 1%, the total sampled area covered 4.97 ha. A total of 124 measurement plots, each measuring 20 × 20 meters, were established to assess biomass potential and carbon reserves. The analyses showed content, total carbon reserves, and carbon sequestration of 815.73 tons/ha, 383.39 tons/ha, and 1,200.08 tons/ha, respectively. The type of vegetation with the highest biomass, carbon reserves, and carbon sequestration is teak (Tectona grandis), with 249.79 tons/ha, 117.40 tons/ha, and 430.86 tons/ha, respectively. In contrast, pulai (Alstonia scholaris) recorded the lowest values, at 4.07 tons/ha, 1.91 tons/ha, and 7.01 tons/ha, respectively. These results indicate that Sisimeni Sanam functions as a significant carbon reservoir within Timor's dry tropical landscape. Therefore, maintenance and preservation of the area are needed for proper functioning as a carbon absorber rather than a producer.
First record and potential biocontrol implication of Beauveria bassiana infecting Lema yerburyi on Vanda tricolor from Bali, Indonesia
Abstract. Sudiarta IP, Sanjaya DAPK, Dinarkaya SM, Wirya GNAS, Gargita IWD, Yudha IKW, Darmawati IAP, Fitriani Y, Arimbawa IM, Selangga DGW, Dwiyani R, Bakar NKA, Mohd-Yusuf Y. 2025. First record and potential biocontrol implication of Beauveria bassiana infecting Lema yerburyi on Vanda tricolor from Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5755-5762. The application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria sp. for biological control has emerged as a viable solution to the problem of excessive insecticide application. Morphological and molecular identification targeting the amplification range of 500-600 bp for entomopathogenic fungal rDNA and 700 bp for insect COI. Pathogenic tests through Koch's postulates, isolated and cultured using Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) media. The results of the identification of the orchid beetle were identified as Lema yerburyi, and the common name "Orchid lema" was proposed to distinguish it from other orchid beetle pests. Macroscopic identification showed that the isolate Beauveria sp. has a white colony color, with a pale-yellow underside, aseptate hyphae and conidia, with conidia arranged in chains on conidiophores that show a zigzag pattern. Molecular analysis of Beauveria sp. isolates targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region produced a DNA fragment of ~577 bp. Phylogenetic tree construction showed that this isolate grouped with B. bassiana from Malaysia. This study aimed to identify and confirm the entomopathogenic fungus naturally infecting L. yerburyi in Bali, and to evaluate its potential as a biological control agent. This finding expands the known host range of B. bassiana and provides a scientific basis for its potential application in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for orchids. Future studies should evaluate field efficacy, optimize formulation, and assess its compatibility with existing cultural and biological practices to advance sustainable orchid production.
Fecal contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli in rural water sources of Bali, Indonesia
Abstract. Saputra IWAGM, Mayura IPB, Hendrayana MA, Suardana IW, Budayanti NNS. 2025. Fecal contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli in rural water sources of Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4923-4931. Escherichia coli is a key indicator of human fecal contamination in environmental waters, providing insight into sanitary conditions and potential health risks, including the presence of diarrheagenic genotypes and antimicrobial-resistant strains such as extended-spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) producers. This study assessed fecal coliform contamination in rural water sources and characterized E. coli isolates for pathogenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility within the context of the SAJAKA (Antibiotic-Wise Village) Project in Bali, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in August 2024 across 24 sites, including 16 river points (upstream, midstream, downstream) and 8 springs, in four rural villages. Single 250 mL water samples were analyzed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, cultured in Lactose Broth at 37°C, and confirmed in Brilliant Green Lactose Bile Broth at 44.5°C. Positive cultures were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar, colonies with a metallic green sheen were purified and identified using the VITEK 2 Compact system, and confirmed E. coli isolates were subjected to PCR to detect virulence-associated genes. Fecal coliforms were detected in 41.7% of sites (10 of 24, n=24) of sites, with higher prevalence in rivers (8 of 16, 50%) compared to springs (10 of 24, 25%), and spatial clustering was observed in downstream segments of the Yeh Ge and Yeh Dati Rivers. Eight isolates were identified as E. coli and two as Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. None of the E. coli isolates carried virulence genes of diarrheagenic pathotypes, and all were susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, indicating the absence of ESBL production. Although ESBL and diarrheagenic E. coli were not detected, the presence of E. coli indicates contamination and therefore the water is nonpotable and calls for corrective action. Continued monitoring, particularly for antimicrobial resistance, is essential to support water safety and public health strategies within a One Health framework.
Population dynamics modelling of Scirpophaga incertulas based on climatic factors in Mardingding, Karo, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Ginting TY, Triwidodo H, Winasa IW, Maryana N. 2025. Population dynamics modelling of Scirpophaga incertulas based on climatic factors in Mardingding, Karo, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5003-5011. The yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) is a major rice pest in Southeast Asia whose outbreaks are strongly influenced by climatic conditions. This study developed and evaluated dynamic models of S. incertulas populations in Mardingding Sub-district, Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia, during a single cropping season (January-April 2025). Field monitoring was conducted weekly at three sites using light traps, accompanied by assessments of infestation intensity and incidence. Climate data, including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, were obtained from NASA POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources). To assess whether population differences among sites were statistically significant, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed. The results revealed a significant difference in S. incertulas populations across locations (F = 8.10, F-critical = 3.28, p < 0.05), underscoring the influence of site-specific agroecosystem conditions. The relationships between climate variables and pest dynamics were further analyzed using multiple linear regression and a discrete logistic growth model. Results indicated that the logistic model provided more accurate estimates of S. incertulas population dynamics compared to linear regression, with the lowest prediction error (18.45%) observed at Tanjung Pamah. At this site, populations remained low (1.5-4.5 individuals) under average conditions of 22.89°C, 89.44% relative humidity, and 5.90 mm rainfall. Peak infestation intensity and incidence across sites occurred approximately six weeks after planting, under mean conditions of 23°C, 89% relative humidity, and 5-6 mm rainfall. These findings demonstrate that integrating climatic drivers with logistic models improves forecasting of S. incertulas outbreaks, particularly in relatively homogeneous rice systems. Such approaches support early-warning systems, reduce reliance on chemical control, and strengthen biodiversity-friendly rice pest management.
Comparative evaluation of chloroplast DNA barcoding markers for authenticating ethnomedicinal plants from Surigao del Sur, Philippines
Abstract. Blasco FA, Raterta R, Alejandro GJD. 2025. Comparative evaluation of chloroplast DNA barcoding markers for authenticating ethnomedicinal plants from Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 5195-5203. Traditional medicine utilizing ethnomedicinal plants remains crucial for healthcare in developing countries, with authentication being critical for safety and efficacy. DNA barcoding offers a molecular solution for accurate species identification, particularly important for poorly documented flora in biodiversity hotspots. This study evaluated the performance of four chloroplast DNA barcoding regions (rbcL, matK, trnL-F, and trnH-psbA) for authenticating ethnomedicinal plants from the biodiverse Surigao del Sur mountain range, Philippines. This represents the first comprehensive molecular reference dataset for Surigao del Sur ethnomedicinal flora. Fresh leaf samples from 50 ethnomedicinal plant species representing 43 genera and 31 families were collected from three municipalities (Lanuza, Tago, and Tandag). Barcode performance of the four markers was assessed based on PCR success, sequencing quality, BLAST identification accuracy, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction. The trnH-psbA region achieved the highest PCR amplification success (100%), while trnL-F exhibited optimal balanced performance with 94% PCR success rate. BLAST analysis revealed trnL-F had the highest identification rate (80%), followed by trnH-psbA (66%). The matK showed optimal species-level discrimination with 0.7% intra-generic divergence and achieved strong bootstrap support in phylogenetic analysis. The multi-locus approach combining trnL-F, trnH-psbA, and matK achieved 86% identification success rate. This study contributes 107 novel sequences and provides essential molecular tools for reliable species authentication, supports conservation of ethnomedicinal plant diversity in the Philippines, and establishes a foundation for quality control in traditional medicine practice and international trade.
Moonlight-driven zooplankton migration shapes phytoplankton distribution in a tropical peatland pond
Abstract. Veronica E, Ardianor, Dohong S, Asi N, Afentina, Hanasia. 2025. Moonlight-driven zooplankton migration shapes phytoplankton distribution in a tropical peatland pond. Biodiversitas 26: 4746-4760. The interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton plays a vital role in regulating aquatic ecosystem dynamics. This study explored the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in relation to zooplankton abundance under varying lunar light conditions and assessed the influence of selected physicochemical parameters. The research was conducted in Beje Pond, Peat Techno Park (PTP), Universitas Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, with sampling performed at seven depth intervals (0-180 cm) every three days over a one-month period. A total of 20 phytoplankton species were identified, with seven dominant taxa consistently observed: Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chlorogonium elongatum, Asterococcus superbus, Staurastrum tetracerum, Zygnema sp., Closterium praelongum, and Skeletonema costatum. Phytoplankton abundance ranged from 810 to 2,232 cells/L, peaking during half-moon conditions. Zooplankton abundance reached a maximum of 765 ind/L during the ninth sampling under dim moonlight, with apparent temporal offset from phytoplankton peaks. This pattern suggests the possibility of zooplankton diel vertical migration modulated by lunar illumination. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, and pH together accounted for 84.6% of the environmental variance. Spearman correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations (p < 0.05) between DO and phytoplankton abundance (r = 0.59), and between phytoplankton and zooplankton (r = 0.53). No significant correlations were observed between pH and phytoplankton or between DO and zooplankton. While patterns suggest possible vertical variation linked to diel cycles and lunar phase, these findings remain correlative. Further integrative studies are recommended to investigate the ecological mechanisms driving these distributions in tropical peatland waters.
Carbon and biodiversity responses to fire and timber harvesting in dry dipterocarp community forest in Thailand
Abstract. Nonthakhot P, Podong C. 2025. Carbon and biodiversity responses to fire and timber harvesting in dry dipterocarp community forest in Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 5081-5088. Understanding how burning and harvesting systems in tropical dry forests influence both carbon storage and biodiversity is crucial for sustainable management. This study presents the first landscape-scale assessment of above- and below-ground carbon pools and biodiversity in dry dipterocarp forest managed by community in Thailand under four management regimes: community-based prescribed fire (Ching-Pao), selective harvesting (Ching-Kep), unmanaged natural forest, and wildfire-affected areas. Forty-eight stratified plots (i.e., 12 plots per management regime, each plot measuring 20 × 20 m) were established to measure aboveground biomass, litter biomass, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and tree species composition. Prescribed fire plots exhibited the highest aboveground carbon (36.74 ± 2.13 t C/ha) and Shannon diversity index (H? = 3.21), significantly exceeding wildfire plots (24.11 ± 1.84 t C/ha; H? = 2.48). SOC was also greatest in prescribed fire plots (38.21 ± 2.87 t C/ha), followed by selective harvesting, unmanaged forest, and wildfire treatments. Beta diversity analysis (Bray–Curtis) revealed distinct community assemblages among treatments, with prescribed fire fostering fire-tolerant species such as Shorea obtusa and Dipterocarpus tuberculatus. These differences indicate that low-intensity, community-managed burns can enhance carbon sequestration and sustain higher functional and taxonomic diversity compared to unmanaged or severely burned areas. The integration of functional traits—such as thick bark, resprouting ability, and high wood density—appears to underpin the resilience and productivity of fire-managed forests. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence supporting “fire-smart” community-based forest management as a strategy to align biodiversity conservation with climate mitigation goals in tropical dry forest landscapes.
Diversity, composition and distribution of bracket fungi in Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape, Pampanga, Philippines
Abstract. Bustillos RG, De Guzman JMT, Caymo ES. 2025. Diversity, composition and distribution of bracket fungi in Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape, Pampanga, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 4954-4966. Despite its recognition as a protected area, little attention was given to the macrofungal diversity of Mt. Arayat Protected Landscape (MAPL), Pampanga, Philippines. This study investigated current diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in three collection sites of MAPL (i.e., North Peak, South Peak, Pinnacle) and varying elevation gradients (i.e.,100-250, 251-500, 501-750 masl). Bracket fungi were purposively collected and characterized using morphological properties and further validated by experts. A total of 47 species were identified, belonging to the class Agaricomycetes and grouped into 4 orders, 7 families, and 14 genera. Out of these, 32 species were identified down to the species level, while 15 were at the genus level and require DNA barcoding to confirm their identities. The order Polyporales and genus Ganoderma recorded the highest number of species. The majority of the bracket fungi were anchored on dead logs, living solitary and are non-edible. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices showed that the South Peak has the highest fungal diversity and richness. The three collection areas have almost even distribution of species. Sorensen index reveals high similarity of species found among collection sites. Moreover, diversity according to altitude is highest at 251-500 masl with moderate richness and even distribution of species. Only 251-500 masl and 501-750 masl share similar species, while slight variations are observed in other elevation ranges. This pioneering report on diversity of MAPL reflects its forest status that can be used as baseline information for continuous monitoring of its condition and contribute to biodiversity conservation and sustainability efforts.
Whole-genome sequencing and SNP analysis of Thai Cannabis sativa cultivar ‘Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan’ (Cannabaceae)
Abstract. Kamoltham T, Luangpirom N, Kuamsab N, Kummalue T, Chaiphongpachara T. 2025. Whole-genome sequencing and SNP analysis of Thai Cannabis sativa cultivar ‘Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan’ (Cannabaceae). Biodiversitas 26: 4946-4953. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is a herbaceous plant valued for its medicinal and therapeutic uses. In Thailand, the indigenous cultivar ‘Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan’ has long been applied in traditional medicine and is recognized for its high Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content. This study provides the first genomic characterization of this traditional Thai cultivar using Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS). Fresh leaf samples were collected from a licensed cultivation site, and paired-end libraries were prepared with the Illumina TruSeq DNA PCR-Free Kit. Sequencing on the NovaSeq 6000 platform produced 63.8 million raw reads (9.57 Gb), yielding 63.3 million high-quality reads (9.50 Gb) after trimming. Clean reads showed a 94.43% alignment rate to the ‘Pink Pepper’ reference genome, with an average depth of 11.39×. Variant calling identified 23.0 million genomic variants, including 18.5 million SNPs and 4.5 million Indels, with 6.04 million high-confidence SNPs retained after stringent filtering. Phylogenetic and principal component analyses revealed unexpected genomic proximity between ‘Hang Kra Rog Phu Phan’ and the CBD-dominant ‘CBD Shark’ cultivar, highlighting its distinct lineage among high-THC cultivars. These findings provide valuable genomic resources for precise cultivar authentication, marker-assisted breeding, conservation of native Thai germplasm, and functional genomics to advance cannabis-based therapeutics.
Companion flowering plants enhance the preference and fitness of Trichogramma sp. in biological control
Abstract. Usman M, Muhlison W, Sucipto I, Purnomo H. 2025. Companion flowering plants enhance the preference and fitness of Trichogramma sp. in biological control. Biodiversitas 26: 5671-5678. Trichogramma sp. is a polyphagous egg parasitoid widely applied in biological control of lepidopteran pests. Its performance in the field depends on floral resources that provide nutrition. Flowering plants provide nectar, pollen, and odor that influence the behavior of parasitoids. Identifying compatible flowering plants will be essential for enhancing the efficacy of Trichogramma sp. This study aims to determine the preferences and fitness of Trichogramma sp. on eight flowering plants: Tagetes erecta, Arachis pintoi, Wedelia trilobita, Melampodium divaricatum, Lantana camara, Zinnia peruviana, Turnera subulata, and Turnera ulmifolia. The tests included an olfactory test using a Y-tube olfactometer and analyzed with a chi-square test, and a test of the effect of flowering plants on the fitness of Trichogramma sp. imagoes, analyzed with ANOVA. The olfactory test showed that Trichogramma sp. preferred A. pintoi, T. ulmifolia, and T. subulata. T. subulata can increase the longevity of males and females by 2.4 and 2.3 times, respectively. In contrast, T. ulmifolia can increase the longevity of males by 2.4 times and females by 1.8 times compared to the negative control. Both species can also increase total fecundity and imago emergence. These findings indicate that T. subulata and T. ulmifolia are promising flowering plants for improving Trichogramma sp. performance and can be used as companion plants in sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) systems, strengthening the conservation of natural enemies and supporting long-term pest control strategies.
Exploitation status and stock assessment of daisy parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) in Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Wijayanto D, Bustamam A, Arkerman Y, Amri K, Tirtadanu, Winarso G, Hermadi I, Kailaku SI, Kurohman F, Putranto MR, Kurnia DJ. 2025. Exploitation status and stock assessment of daisy parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) in Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4831-4837. Daisy parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) play a crucial ecological role in maintaining coral reef health and resilience by grazing on algae, which prevents algal overgrowth and promotes coral recruitment. This study evaluated the exploitation status of C. sordidus in the Karimunjawa Marine Protected Area, Central Java, Indonesia, using biological indicators, including length at first capture (Lc??%), growth parameters, and mortality rates. Field sampling was conducted from March 2024 to February 2025, involving fisher interviews and morphometric measurements of 1,032 individuals. Results showed a Lc??% of 24.8 cm and an asymptotic length (L?) of 51 cm, exceeding the size of first maturity but below the sex-change size range, potentially affecting reproductive dynamics. Further analysis revealed total mortality (Z) of 4.31 year-¹, with fishing mortality (F = 2.33) higher than natural mortality (M = 1.20), reflecting intensive fishing pressure on the stock. The exploitation rate (E: 0.54) indicates that the species is currently overexploited, which may reduce herbivory functions, weaken coral reef resilience, and threaten long-term fishery benefits. These findings highlight the urgent need for effective management measures, including minimum size limits, seasonal fishing restrictions, and community-based compliance, to ensure population sustainability. Continuous monitoring and further research on reproductive biology and critical habitats, particularly nursery grounds and spawning aggregations, are essential for informed conservation strategies, ensuring not only population sustainability but also the maintenance of ecosystem services that support local livelihoods and marine ecotourism in Karimunjawa.
Structure and composition of understory vegetation in urban forest of Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia
Abstract. Darmawati, Silitonga LB, Nursal, Sayuti I, Mahadi I, Alamsjah F. 2025. Structure and composition of understory vegetation in urban forest of Pekanbaru, Riau Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4628-4639. Urban forests play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity; however, human disturbances and the spread of invasive species pose significant challenges to the resilience of understory vegetation. This study examined the structure and composition of understory vegetation in the Pekanbaru Urban Forest in Riau Province, Indonesia and formulated strategies for sustainable management. Research was carried out from June to December 2024 across two canopy conditions Closed Canopy Forest (CCF) and Partial Canopy Forest (PCF) using ten 2×2 m plots in each site (80 m² total). The analyses encompassed species composition, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H?), Evenness Index (E), Dominance Index (D), invasive species proportion, correlation between H? and light intensity, as well as a T-test to compare H? between canopy types. Results revealed that the Poaceae family was the most dominant, with Brachiaria decumbens as the representative species. The T-test showed no significant difference in H? between CCF (2.67) and PCF (2.98), both classified as moderate. Evenness Index values were high (0.89 and 0.87), while dominance values were very low (0.08 and 0.07), indicating a relatively even distribution of species. In total, 38 species were identified, half of which (19 species) were invasive, with a higher abundance recorded in PCF. These findings suggest that canopy mosaics comprising both closed and partially open areas are essential for maintaining understory vegetation in urban forests, as they help support species diversity while limiting invasive dominance. Recommended management strategies include preserving canopy mosaics, controlling invasive species, promoting native species planting, and strengthening conservation policies through active community participation.
Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Vanda tricolor from Gumitir, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Ulum FB, Putri YA, Farhan AM, Setyati D, Rajamani R, Sugiharto B, Su’udi M. 2025. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Vanda tricolor from Gumitir, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4783-4792. Vanda tricolor an epiphytic orchid native to the coffee agroforest of Gumitir, East Java, Indonesia, represents a promising source of pharmacologically active compounds. This study aimed to characterize the bioactive constituents of V. tricolor and evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential. Methanolic leaf extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for metabolite profiling. Its biological activities were assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, agar well diffusion method, and molecular docking against the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. GC-MS analysis identified 48 metabolites, with 4-butylphenol (7.57%) as the predominant compound. The extract demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity (IC??: 37.25 ppm), along with moderate antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; however, it showed no growth inhibition against Salmonella typhi. Molecular docking revealed that 4-butylphenol exhibited the highest binding affinity toward Bcl-2 (-5.50 kcal/mol), indicating its potential as a lead compound for anticancer therapy. These findings represent the first integrated phytochemical and pharmacological profile of V. tricolor from Gumitir, underscoring its value as a source of natural bioactive agents. The results also provide a scientific basis for further exploration of orchids in drug discovery and contribute to the conservation of this underutilized native species.
Vegetation analysis and culturable endophytic fungal associations in agarwood from different forest types in Marumana, Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Salosa YY, Kuswinanti T, Raya I, Martanto EA. 2025. Vegetation analysis and culturable endophytic fungal associations in agarwood from different forest types in Marumana, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4874-4885. Aquilaria filaria is a tree species valued for producing agarwood, a resinous heartwood formed in response to pathogenic fungal infections. Despite its ecological and economic significance, detailed studies on the habitat ecology of A. filaria in Papua remain scarce. This study investigated variation in vegetation stands containing A. filaria and identified pathogenic fungi associated with its infection. Fieldwork was conducted from January to March 2023 across 40 plots (50 × 50 m) established along two 1-km transects designed to capture gradients of human disturbance. Vegetation was surveyed using the Braun-Blanquet method and analyzed by TWINSPAN classification. Fungal isolation from infected stems (50% of representative A. filaria trees per plot) employed a modified direct-plating method on half-strength potato dextrose agar, with taxonomic identification based on morphological keys. A total of 97 plant species and 198 A. filaria individuals were recorded, yielding 600 wood fragments across three disturbance gradients. Dominant families included Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae. Pathogenicity tests revealed four major fungal genera: Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus niger. Colonization rates increased from 70% in undisturbed to 90% in heavily disturbed sites, while fungal load, expressed as colony counts per fragment, rose from 1.76 to 2.96 across the same gradient. Diversity, measured by the Shannon-Wiener Index, declined from 1.08 in undisturbed to 0.68 and 0.67 in moderately and highly disturbed sites, respectively. These findings provide new insights into how forest disturbance reshapes vegetation structure and fungal assemblages in A. filaria habitats, highlighting the need to preserve forest complexity while balancing ecological resilience with economic goals.
Land cover change and ethnoecological practices in Forest Management Unit XXV, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Samsuri, Zaitunah A, Samsura A, Marbun HY. 2025. Land cover change and ethnoecological practices in Forest Management Unit XXV, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4545-4556. Forest management unit (FMU) is important site-level managers included in the sustainability of productivity. This concept is closely related to land tenure conflicts, which are influenced by community livelihood, local knowledge, traditional customs, environmental capacity, and local institutions. The dynamics of change in local knowledge, traditional customs, and population growth can increase the need for land and negatively impact biodiversity. Therefore, this research aims to (i) analyze land cover change and indigenous local knowledge, and (ii) examine the correlation between land cover change with community ethnoecological practices in FMU, North Sumatra. Landsat 5 and 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to identify land cover change. Furthermore, the contingency coefficient correlation method was used to examine the relationship between land cover change and ethnoecology. The results showed that 10 land cover categories were identified, including water bodies, forest, paddy field, rubber estate, shrubs, bare land, mangroves, rubber, oil palms, and mixed garden. Rubber plantations experienced the most significant land area loss between 2001 and 2020, decreasing by 1,918.8 hectares. Meanwhile, mixed gardens reported a substantial gain of 6,171.8 hectares. The interviews identified 6 ethnoecological elements of the community, namely indigenous knowledge, medicinal plants, wood use, wild animal hunting, non-timber forest products, and traditional events. There was no significant correlation between land cover and community ethnoecological change. Despite the absence of a direct statistical relationship, these persistent practices provide crucial indirect support for in-situ biodiversity conservation within the managed forest landscape. In this context, the conversion of agricultural land and the destruction of forest in FMU areas must be addressed. The community indirectly supports the concept through planting and maintaining local species in mixed gardens. The continued cultivation of native species in community-managed gardens contributes indirectly to biodiversity conservation in FMU area despite the lack of significant correlation.
Phage diversity from shrimp ponds underpinning multi-host lytic activity in Vibrio pathogens
Abstract. Kinanthi AS, Prihanto AA, Jatmiko YD, Hemmatzadeh F, Nurdiani R. 2025. Phage diversity from shrimp ponds underpinning multi-host lytic activity in Vibrio pathogens. Biodiversitas 26: 4457-4464. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-related foodborne illness that has developed significant antibiotic resistance, creating an urgent need for effective and safer control management. This study aims to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophages capable of inhibiting a broad spectrum of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Bacteriophages were isolated from shrimp shell and pond wastewater samples, following a methodical approach that included bacteriophage isolation, density testing, confirmation, and host range testing. The results indicate that V. parahaemolyticus was successfully isolated from dead shrimp. The lytic bacteriophages, designated ?ALT (from pond wastewater) and ?KU (from shrimp shells), were lysed their bacterial hosts, with activity detectable up to a dilution of 10??. This suggests that even at low concentrations, the phages could effectively lyse their bacterial targets. Both bacteriophages were found to exhibit a multi-host range, effectively lysing several pathogenic species such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi, and Aeromonas hydrophila, while not affecting Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Acinetobacter baumannii. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed that ?ALT has a hexagonal shape, while ?KU has an icosahedral shape. These findings highlight the potential of these bacteriophages as effective biocontrol agents in managing foodborne pathogens, offering a safer and more targeted alternative to antibiotics. Future molecular characterization is required to further understand these bacteriophages mechanism of action and improve their application in food safety.
Acetylcholinesterase activity and Ace-1 mutation in Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos
Abstract. Nazar YE, Hasmiwati, Rahayu R. 2025. Acetylcholinesterase activity and Ace-1 mutation in Aedes aegypti resistance to temephos. Biodiversitas 26: 4598-4605. An organophosphate insecticide called temephos is frequently used to manage Aedes aegypti, the main Dengue Fever (DF) vector. However, prolonged and widespread application has led to resistance in many mosquito. This study aimed to assess temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti larvae from Tanjung Bingkuang, Solok District, West Sumatra, Indonesia, using biochemical and molecular assays, this study sought to ascertain the resistance status of Ae. aegypti larvae collected from Tanjung Bingkuang, Solok District, West Sumatra. The biochemical test results showed that the larvae exhibited a high level of resistance, with an Activity Value (AV) of 1.077 and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity of 6.65 U/L. Further molecular analysis identified a point mutation at codon T506T in the Ace-1 gene, characterized by a nucleotide change from ACA to ACT. Molecular analysis identified a synonymous mutation (T506T; ACA ? ACT) in the Ace-1 gene, potentially associated with resistance development. These results confirm the emergence of temephos resistance in local Ae. aegypti populations and highlight the importance of incorporating molecular and enzymatic surveillance tools into vector control programs to ensure larvicide efficacy. This study confirms that the use of the organophosphate insecticide temephos is no longer effective in controlling Ae. aegypti larvae in Tanjuang Bingkuang, Solok District, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Vegetation diversity and carbon stock in gold mining reclamation area in Pongkor, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Habib S, Karuniasa M, Setyaningsih L. 2025. Vegetation diversity and carbon stock in gold mining reclamation area in Pongkor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4932-4945. Global greenhouse gas emissions set a new record of 57.1 GtCO2e in 2023, an increase of 1.3 percent from 2022 levels. One of the efforts to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions in the mining industry can be done by reclaiming ex-mining land through revegetation. The objective of study was to analyze vegetation diversity and carbon dioxide absorption in the reclamation area of gold mining in Pongkor, West Java Province, Indonesia. The method used for this study was quantitative observation by measuring the number of species, density, frequency and growth of vegetation to calculate diversity index (H'), vegetation biomass and its ability to absorb carbon in the post-mined area reclaimed from 2014 to 2023 covering an area of 21.6 ha. The results of the study showed that the Shanon-Wiener diversity index (H') of tree, pole, sapling and lower-level plant was in the moderate category (1<H'<3). The reclamation area of 21.56 ha was able to absorb carbon dioxide cumulatively of 3,237.98 tons or contributed 5.89% of CO2 emissions by the mining company. Reclamation in the gold mining area is able to restore the ecology of vegetation and absorb carbon dioxide emissions generated from mining activities. However, 10 years of reclamation and revegetation activities still does not offset carbon emissions resulted from the mining activities, suggesting a longer period of restoration with strong monitoring efforts to fully compensate the carbon footprint.
Lek habitat and behavior of the greater bird-of-paradise in South Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Mulyani YA, Mardiastuti A, Rahayu P, Murtini. 2025. Lek habitat and behavior of the greater bird-of-paradise in South Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5057-5066. The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is renowned for its extraordinarily beautiful display in its lek mating system. Given the threat posed by this endemic species from hunting and habitat conversion, a conservation effort is critical. However, data on its bio-ecology remain limited. This study aims to describe the characteristics of the lek tree and its surroundings as a lek habitat, and lek behavior, especially concerning the males on the lek trees during courtship display. The research was conducted in a post-logging timber concession company in South Papua in July 2023, through direct observations of behavior and the lek tree habitat. Two lek trees were identified, but observation was focused on one lek tree. The lek tree was a tall, emergent tree of Gironniera sp. (27 m, clear bole height 17 m; diameter 39.7 cm), surrounded by a dense tree canopy. The dominant trees in the lek site included Litsea firma, Vatica rassak, and Syzygium sp., with importance value indices of 41.79%, 31.33%, and 28.17%, respectively. The observation period at the lek tree spanned 7 days, totaling 303 minutes; lekking activity occurred from 6:00 am to 10:00 am and 2:00 to 4:15 pm. The behavior of the male birds could be categorized into arrival of a male host, arrival of other males, arrival of females, initiation of dance rituals by males, male selection by females, mounting and copulation, departure of females, and departure of males. Mounting was observed only twice by a single male. The males’ frequent loud calls during lekking make them highly detectable and prone to illegal hunting. The lek trees in this post-logging area indicated the importance of habitat management for species conservation. Protecting lek habitats by controlling logging operations and developing avitourism initiatives are important approaches to support the conservation of the greater bird-of-paradise and regional biodiversity in South Papua.
Distribution and abundance of mud crabs (Crustacea: Portunidae) in Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Thailand
Abstract. Maae S, Chuaduangpui P, Hajisamae S, Masniyom P, Chaymongkol S, Jantarat S, Saengkaew S. 2025. Distribution and abundance of mud crabs (Crustacea: Portunidae) in Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts of Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 4534-4544. Mud crabs (Crustacea: Portunidae) are economically important species found in the two oceans of Thailand's coastal waters. This study aimed to examine the species composition and size variation of Scylla species across two distinct coastal regions of Thailand, the Gulf of Thailand (GOT, Pacific Ocean) and the Andaman Sea (ADM, Indian Ocean), and to contextualize these findings within global distribution patterns. A total of 4,116 specimens were collected from five sampling sites during June 2022 and June 2023. Carapace Width (CW) and Body Weight (BW) were recorded for each individual. In the GOT, the species composition was dominated by S. olivacea (86.24%), followed by S. paramamosain (11.32%) and S. tranquebarica (2.45%). In the ADM, S. olivacea accounted for 99.40%, and S. paramamosain 0.60%; S. tranquebarica was absent. Size variation analysis showed that both male and female S. olivacea, and female S. paramamosain from the GOT were significantly larger (P<0.05) in CW and BW than those from the ADM. No significant size difference was observed in male S. paramamosain (P>0.05). Monthly data from the GOT revealed peak S. olivacea proportions in January (93.81%), April (91.85%), and June (91.02%); the lowest proportion was observed in June (74.83%). Scylla paramamosain peaked in June (23.18%), followed by February (19.75%) and May (16.00%). Scylla tranquebarica showed low occurrences, peaking in November (6.42%), followed by June (4.19%) and February (3.70%). In the ADM, S. olivacea was consistently dominant. These findings provide baseline data for population assessments, resource management, and aquaculture development, contributing to a broader ecological understanding of economically valuable Scylla species.
Predicting the future distribution of Astraeus spp. in Thailand under climate change scenarios using MaxEnt modeling
Abstract. Khunkrai R, Suksavate W, Ngernsaengsaruay C, Nipitwattanaphon M, Sakolrak B, Phosri C, Nakpong L, Bunlerlerd K, Kaewgrajang T. 2025. Predicting the future distribution of Astraeus spp. in Thailand under climate change scenarios using MaxEnt modeling. Biodiversitas 26: 4662-4674. Climate change poses a significant threat to global biodiversity by altering species distributions, disrupting ecological interactions, and transforming habitat suitability. This study investigates the potential impact of climate change on three ectomycorrhizal fungi species from the genus Astraeus—A. asiaticus, A. odoratus, and A. sirindhorniae—which form critical symbiotic relationships with tree species, particularly members of the Dipterocarpaceae family. These fungi contribute to forest ecosystem health by enhancing nutrient and water uptake in host plants and have considerable economic and medicinal value due to their edibility and pharmacological properties. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were constructed using MaxEnt to predict the current and future potential distribution of the three Astraeus species in Thailand under three climate change scenarios: SSP1-2.6 (low emissions), SSP2-4.5 (intermediate), and SSP5-8.5 (high), for two periods, 2021-2040 and 2041-2060. The models incorporated key environmental variables, including tree cover, precipitation during the wettest month, and temperature range. The MaxEnt models demonstrated acceptable predictive performance, with AUC values ranging from 0.686 to 0.799. The most influential predictors were precipitation during the wettest month (Bio13) and tree cover. The results indicated that A. asiaticus currently occupies high-suitability habitats predominantly in northern Thailand and would have a relatively stable distribution with localized fluctuations. In contrast, A. odoratus and A. sirindhorniae are projected to experience pronounced reductions in high-suitability areas. By 2041-2060, under SSP5-8.5, suitable habitats for A. odoratus and A. sirindhorniae are expected to decline by approximately 69.02% and 87.59%, respectively. These reductions are associated with shifts from high-moisture to low-moisture forest types driven by rising temperatures and reduced precipitation. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive conservation strategies, including protecting suitable habitats, restoring degraded forests, and integrating climate-resilient forest management practices.
Habitat-based spatial prediction of human-elephant conflict risk in Minas, Riau, Indonesia
Abstract. Syahran FN, Rahman DA, Santosa Y. 2025. Habitat-based spatial prediction of human-elephant conflict risk in Minas, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4465-4478. Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) presents a pressing threat to the endangered Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Riau, Indonesia. This study utilized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling to predict HEC risk zones in Minas, focusing on a small subpopulation of 11 GPS-collared elephants. Conflict occurrence data from 2020-2022 were compiled from validated reports by the Riau Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BBKSDA) and Global Positioning System (GPS) movement records. Fourteen environmental variables were initially considered, and multicollinearity analysis reduced these to eleven key predictors. MaxEnt was run using 25 cross-validation replicates, achieving excellent performance (AUC: 0.958). Proximity to open land (40.9% contribution), industrial forest plantations (22.8%), settlements (9.2%), roads (8.8%), and oil palm plantations (8.3%) emerged as the strongest predictors. Conflict probability peaked within 0-2 km of anthropogenic features, confirming the critical role of disturbed habitats. High- to very-high-risk zones (>70% probability) covered 19.94 km² (1.76% of the landscape) and were identified as priority areas for intervention, while a moderate-risk zone of 221.32 km² (19.48%) requires targeted monitoring. Low and minimal-risk zones dominated, spanning over 1,000 km² (>80%). These spatial predictions offer actionable insights for conservation planning by directly linking risk zones to mitigation needs. Strategies such as establishing buffer crops, strengthening community-based patrols, and developing early warning systems should be prioritized in high-risk areas. At the same time, habitat connectivity and ecological restoration are crucial for mitigating long-term conflict pressure. Overall, this study advances HEC modeling in Sumatra by combining empirical conflict records with predictive mapping, offering a practical framework to guide evidence-based management and promote human-elephant coexistence in fragmented tropical landscapes.
Migratory connections of Coraciiformes of Kazakhstan based on bird ringing
Abstract. Tashimova AR, Gavrilov E, Akentyeva YEV, Chalikova YS, Syrymgul ZK, Kobegenova SS, Berdikulov BT. 2025. Migratory connections of Coraciiformes of Kazakhstan based on bird ringing. Biodiversitas 26: 4706-4713. This study provides the first long-term and comprehensive analysis of bird ringing data for four Coraciiformes species, Eurasian Roller (Coracias garrulus), Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), European Bee-eater (Merops apiaster), and Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (M. persicus), captured in Kazakhstan between 1966 and 2025, with most data obtained from Shakpak Pass, a major migratory bottleneck in Central Asia. Over these 60 years, more than 26,000 individuals were ringed, yet only 35 recoveries were reported, highlighting the scarcity of long-distance encounter data in the region. The majority of recoveries involved M. apiaster, which demonstrated extensive migratory connectivity, including southward movements through Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, westward passage toward the Caspian region, and remarkable long-distance encounters from Saudi Arabia, Syria, and even France. The latter represents a case of abmigration, providing evidence of population mixing between Central Asia and Europe. By contrast, C. garrulus and M. persicus were mainly documented as consistent passage migrants through Shakpak Pass, while A. atthis displayed signs of philopatry at local ringing sites. These findings emphasize the importance of Central Asia as a critical, yet understudied, segment of Eurasian migration systems. The exceptionally low recovery rates stress the urgent need to combine traditional ringing with modern tracking tools and to enhance public awareness and reporting to strengthen migration research and conservation.