Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects of the cells biology, plant molecular biology and biotechnology including organelles and cellular compartments, trafficking and turnover, signaling, motility, adhesion, cell division, differentiation and programmed cell death, regeneration, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, gene transfer, gene flow, secondary metabolites, metabolic engineering, impact of transgene(s), physiological, pharmacological, and toxic response of cellular systems; genomics and genetics, metabolism, abiotic and biotic stress, phytopathology, gene transfer and expression, molecular pharming, systems biology, nanobiotechnology, genome editing, phenomics and synthetic biology.
Cytogenotoxic effects of alphamethrin and carbofuran based on mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa root tip cells
Abstract. Mili C, Kalita CK, Deka MJ, Das P, Tayung K. 2025. Cytogenotoxic effects of alphamethrin and carbofuran based on mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa root tip cells. Cell Biol Dev 9: 71-77. Synthetic pesticides are widely used by farmers to protect crops from insect damage, which results in adverse effects on the environment. This study aimed to examine the cytogenotoxic potential of two pesticides, alphamethrin and carbofuran, using Allium cepa assay. The half maximum effective concentration (EC50) was found to be 10 µg/mL for alphamethrin and 5 µg/mL for carbofuran. The toxicity was assessed with different concentrations of 1/10?×?EC50; 1/5?×?EC50; EC50; 2?×?EC50; and 3?×?EC50 for both pesticides. Both pesticides demonstrated significant cytogenotoxic effects, evident from inhibited root growth, reduced mitotic index (MI), and increased chromosomal aberrations in onion (Allium cepa L.) root meristem cells. For alphamethrin, the lowest MI (12.24%) was observed at 20 µg/mL, while the highest chromosomal aberration frequency (CAF = 0.34) occurred at 30 µg/mL. Carbofuran exhibited a minimum MI of 14.90% at 10 µg/mL and the highest CAF (0.44) at 15 µg/mL. Moreover, the root growth inhibition demonstrated a dose-dependent pattern, while the MI showed neither a dose- nor a time-dependent pattern. The chromosomal aberrations observed were stickiness, vagrant, laggard chromosomes, C-metaphase, nuclear lesions, and spindle disturbance. These results underscore the urgent need for strong regulation and safer substitutes to minimize the ecological and health risks associated with widespread synthetic pesticide usage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cell Biology and Development
Antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) oil in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetic male rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation
Abstract. Nurudeen QO, Abdulkadir S, Jamiu SM, Abah MA, Ugwah EJ. 2025. Antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) oil in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetic male rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Cell Biol Dev 9: 64-70. This study investigated the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) essential oil in male rats with streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetes. Forty-two rats were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=6): non-diabetic control, diabetic control, diabetic + metformin (150 mg/kg), and diabetic + lemongrass oil at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) 15 minutes after nicotinamide (120 mg/kg), followed by 28 days of oral treatment. Parameters assessed included fasting blood glucose, body weight, and key biochemical markers—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)—along with histological evaluation of liver tissue. Treatment with lemongrass oil significantly lowered fasting blood glucose and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in diabetic rats, with the 100 mg/kg dose showing effects comparable to metformin. Histopathological analysis confirmed improvements in hepatic structure and reduced degenerative changes. These findings indicate that C. citratus essential oil exhibits notable antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects, likely mediated through its antioxidant properties, and may serve as a promising adjunct in diabetes therapy.
Review: Bioactive compounds and health applications of Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta)
Abstract. Saputra AF, Utomo AN, Pramesthi AZ, Madjid AA, Nugroho GD. Setyawan AD. 2025. Review: Bioactive compounds and health applications of Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta). Cell Biol Dev 8: 90-108. Digenea simplex (Rhodophyta), a red macroalga widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal waters, has gained attention due to its unique chemical profile. However, scientific studies on this species remain scattered and limited. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the bioactive compounds present in D. simplex, their biological activities, and their potential applications in various industries. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that D. simplex contains a variety of secondary metabolites, including kainic acid, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, carotenoids (such as astaxanthin), essential amino acids, and tannins. These compounds have demonstrated several pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. The presence of kainic acid, for instance, highlights the neuroactive potential of the species, while carotenoids and phenolic compounds contribute significantly to its antioxidant capacity. In addition, the nutritional profile of D. simplex, comprising proteins, dietary fibers, vitamins, and minerals, supports its use as a functional food ingredient. The cosmetic industry also benefits from its bioactive constituents, which exhibit moisturizing, anti-aging, and skin-protective properties. Despite its promising profile, further studies are necessary to standardize extraction methods, evaluate toxicological safety, and elucidate the mechanisms of action of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive reference for future research and valorization of D. simplex as a valuable marine resource for health-related applications.
Ecophysiological effects of mangrove canopy density on surface thermal conditions in a tropical lagoon ecosystem of Segara Anakan, Indonesia
Abstract. Aryanto AEP, Herbowo ACF, Mukarromah AN, Aulia AD, Zulfikar AB, Pitoyo A, Setyawan AD. 2025. Ecophysiological effects of mangrove canopy density on surface thermal conditions in a tropical lagoon ecosystem of Segara Anakan, Indonesia. Cell Biol Dev 9: 12-25. Mangrove forests are ecologically critical coastal ecosystems that regulate local microclimates and buffer against multiple forms of environmental stress. This study investigates the influence of mangrove canopy density on surface thermal dynamics in the climate-sensitive Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap, Indonesia, using satellite-derived indices. Vegetation density was quantified using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), while Land Surface Temperature (LST) was derived from Landsat 9 thermal imagery. Spatial overlay and statistical correlation of NDVI and LST were employed to delineate thermal stress zones—defined as areas where surface temperatures exceed physiological thresholds for mangrove growth. Results revealed a strong negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R² = 0.68; Pearson’s r = -0.82), indicating that denser vegetation corresponds with cooler surface conditions. Zones with NDVI>0.60 typically exhibited temperatures of 23-25°C, while areas with lower canopy density exceeded 25°C. Thermal hotspots were concentrated in southern and central Cilacap, where anthropogenic disturbance has reduced canopy continuity. These findings highlight the ecophysiological importance of maintaining mangrove canopy cover in mitigating thermal stress. The integration of NDVI-LST analysis provides a non-invasive, scalable tool for monitoring vegetation health, supporting targeted restoration, and informing climate adaptation strategies in tropical coastal landscapes.
Enhancing growth and flavonoid content of Eleutherine palmifolia using chitosan and NPK fertilizer under greenhouse conditions
Abstract. Rochma FA, Mudyantini W, Solichatun. 2025. Enhancing growth and flavonoid content of Eleutherine palmifolia using chitosan and NPK fertilizer under greenhouse conditions. Cell Biol Dev 9: 26-36. This study evaluated the effects of chitosan and NPK fertilizer on the growth performance, physiological traits, and flavonoid content of Eleutherine palmifolia, a medicinal plant widely used in Indonesia. A factorial experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using three chitosan concentrations (0, 0.3%, and 0.6%) and three levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 100, and 200 kg/ha). The combination of 0.6% chitosan and 200 kg/ha NPK significantly enhanced leaf number, leaf size, shoot biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, as well as flavonoid concentration in the tubers. While flowering occurred in selected treatments, overall reproductive development remained limited during the 11-week cultivation period. Notably, the highest total flavonoid content in tuber extracts (6.30 mg QE/g) was recorded under the same treatment, highlighting the potential role of chitosan as a biostimulant and elicitor of secondary metabolites. Although some parameters showed non-significant interaction effects, consistent positive trends support the hypothesis that chitosan improves nutrient uptake and physiological vigor, particularly when combined with adequate macronutrients. This study emphasizes the potential of integrating biostimulant and fertilizer treatments to enhance both agronomic performance and phytochemical accumulation in E. palmifolia. These findings provide a foundation for sustainable cultivation practices aimed at increasing the functional quality of this underutilized medicinal plant for future pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications.
Structural traits and carbon storage potential of tree and pole vegetation in three land-use types in Ngargoyoso, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Hanum U, Armadhan WS, Hanun Z, Shafa Z, Ningtyas SRA, Nur AAI, Indrawan M, Sunarto, Sugiyarto, Setyawan AD. 2025. Structural traits and carbon storage potential of tree and pole vegetation in three land-use types in Ngargoyoso, Central Java, Indonesia. Cell Biol Dev 9: 37-53. Understanding the relationship between plant structural characteristics and carbon storage is not just essential for ecological management and climate mitigation, but also highly relevant and applicable. This study investigates how Aboveground Biomass (AGB) and carbon stock correlate with the structural traits of tree and pole vegetation across three land-use types: pine forest, agroforestry, and rubber plantation in Ngargoyoso Sub-district, Central Java, Indonesia. Field sampling was conducted using 90 plots divided equally across the sites, with vegetation categorized into trees (DBH>20 cm) and poles (DBH 10-20 cm). Non-destructive measurements of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height were used to estimate biomass through species-specific allometric equations. Carbon stock was then calculated using a standardized conversion factor (0.47×AGB). The results show that agroforestry systems exhibit the highest total carbon stock (82.46 MgC/ha), followed by rubber forest (81.41 MgC/ha) and pine forest (66.29 MgC/ha). Variations in carbon accumulation are strongly influenced by vegetation composition, structural diversity, and DBH distribution. The predominance of fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing species such as Leucaena leucocephala in agroforestry contributed to higher biomass accumulation. These findings emphasize the practical implications of this study, highlighting the importance of structural traits such as DBH and height, which reflect physiological growth status and are key determinants in carbon storage capacity across different vegetation types.
Optimizing KCl seed priming to enhance salinity tolerance in Capsicum frutescens
Abstract. Sari LF, Solichatun, Mudyantini W. 2025. Optimizing KCl seed priming to enhance salinity tolerance in Capsicum frutescens. Cell Biol Dev 9: 1-11. Salinity is a major abiotic stress that poses a challenge to crop productivity, particularly in coastal agricultural zones. However, there is hope on the horizon. The use of potassium chloride (KCl) for seed osmopriming has emerged as a potential strategy to enhance plant tolerance under saline conditions. This method improves seed vigor and early-stage resilience, offering a promising solution to the salinity problem. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of KCl-based osmopriming on the growth and physiological responses of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) under different levels of salinity stress. We applied a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors four KCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm) and three salinity levels (0, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm NaCl)—using a hydroponic system. The parameters measured included germination percentage, plant height, root length, leaf number, leaf area, shoot-to-root ratio, biomass (fresh and dry weight), total chlorophyll content, and leaf proline levels. The results showed that osmopriming with 50-100 ppm KCl significantly improved plant height, leaf area, and biomass under 1,000 ppm salinity stress, while 200 ppm KCl reduced growth under high salinity (2,000 ppm), suggesting ion toxicity. Physiological traits such as total chlorophyll and proline content exhibited non-significant changes, but trends indicated improved stress responses in primed plants. These findings demonstrate that low-dose KCl osmopriming is a promising pre-sowing treatment to enhance the early growth performance of cayenne pepper under moderate salinity. However, further field validation and biochemical profiling are recommended to optimize its application, highlighting the importance of your potential contribution to this research.
Review: Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758)
Abstract. Safira RN, Hafiffah AS, Allobua BSN, Mukarromah AN, Aulia AD, Naim DM, Setyawan AD. 2024. Review: Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758). Cell Biol Dev 8: 75-89. Skipjack tuna or skipjack fish or cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis Linnaeus, 1758) belongs to the Scombridae family. The skipjack tuna has a fusiform, round, elongated body, gill segments, small conical teeth, dark purplish-blue with a silvery underside and abdomen, and an elongated dark line. The body length of the skipjack tuna can reach 1 meter, with the weight reaching more than 18 kg. Skipjack tuna is widely spread from the western and central Pacific to the Indian Oceans, including Indonesia. Skipjack tuna can only live in salt water and live off the continental shelf in the open sea. Ecologically, this fish is an indicator of the environmental conditions in the habitat of skipjack tuna. Seasonal variations in productivity and temperature are critical in influencing reproductive factors. They underscore the significance of spatial and temporal compatibility among ecosystems regarding egg hatching, which is crucial for the survival of new fish progeny. Skipjack tuna is widely processed and is a protein source for the community. The use of tuna fish can be done in traditional and modern ways. Besides being used as processed food, skipjack tuna is also used as a natural medicine that is beneficial for the health of the human body. Skipjack tuna has various pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic.
Short Communication: Morpho-anatomical and histochemical characterization of four species of Cyperaceae in Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract. Ajuru MG, Chinwe-Chikere L, Ibiye A, Elebachi BO. 2024. Short Communication: Morpho-anatomical and histochemical characterization of four species of Cyperaceae in Rivers State, Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 7: 68-74. This research investigated the morpho-anatomical and histochemical characteristics of four species of Cyperaceae (Kyllinga erecta, Kyllinga bulbosa, Pycreus lanceolatus and Mariscus alternifolius) in Rivers State University. They are perennial, monocotyledonous herbs commonly known as erect greenhead sedge, spikesedge, narrow-leaf flatsedge and umbrella sedge respectively. Hand sectioning method and light microscopy were used for both anatomical and histochemical studies, while meter rule was used for quantitative morphological characters and visual observation was used for qualitative characters. The results for anatomy indicated that epidermal cells are one layered and present in the four species studied, the vascular bundles are all scattered, collateral, conjoint and closed in the stems and are also surrounded by parenchyma cells. The results of histochemical studies showed that there were no calcium oxalate crystals in either the stem or rhizomes of the four species. Results from morphological studies showed that the four species have triangularly shaped stems and are tufted and herbaceous perennial sedges. The four species also have fibrous roots and their leaves are all simple, alternate, glabrous and tristichously arranged. The results also showed that the four species of sedges exhibited a wide range of morphological features that distinguish them from another group of plants, and the characters showed some level of similarities amongst themselves. There were no calcium oxalate crystals in both the stem and rhizomes of all four species studied. Also, the presence of fibrous roots and umbel inflorescence authenticated their classification as monocotyledonous plants. The results of this research would help to improve upon the already existing information about the four species.
Review: Chemical profiles and therapeutic potentials of golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)
Abstract. Aulia AA, Astuti AR, Wulandari AA, Nugroho GD, Setyawan AD. 2024. Review: Chemical profiles and therapeutic potentials of golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii). Cell Biol Dev 8: 58-67. The golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) is a species of sea cucumber that has a unique chemical profile and significant therapeutic potential. Traditionally, sea cucumbers have been used in medicine in Southeast Asia for their properties which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The distribution of golden sea cucumbers is dominant in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but their populations are threatened due to excessive fishing. Conservation efforts through cultivation are being developed to restore wild stocks. This research aims to determine the hidden chemical profile and therapeutic potential of the golden sea cucumber by collecting information from various literature. Golden sea cucumbers have many chemical profiles, namely protein, saponin, triterpenoid, collagen, GAGs, flavonoid, mineral, glutathione, alkaloid, methanol, and hyaluronic acid. This spesies also have great potential as therapeutic agents, such as wound healing, antifungal properties, hipertrigliseridemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, bone and tooth regeneration. This research brings various data that showed the importance of golden sea cucumbers in the field of health, such as the ability to increase insulin sensitivity, which is beneficial in the treatment of diabetes. Additionally, the high protein content in sea cucumbers provides additional nutritional value and supports antioxidant function. An in-depth understanding of the chemical composition and therapeutic benefits of golden sea cucumbers can encourage the development of biomedical products and support the economic well-being of coastal communities that depend on this resource. Therefore, conservation measures for this species must continue to be carried out so that it remains sustainable in nature and can be used wisely by humans.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cell Biology and Development
Effects of light-dark cycle and light-emitting diode (LED) colors on the behavioral and physiological responses of Phodopus roborovskii
Abstract. Fuertes PJS, Aquino AM, Balones NA, Pajila JJL, Granadozin Jr. MP, Brillo SC. 2024. Effects of light-dark cycle and light-emitting diode (LED) colors on the behavioral and physiological responses of Phodopus roborovskii. Cell Biol Dev 8: 51-57. The internal biological clocks regulate the 24-hour cycle of the circadian rhythm. Changes in the quantity or quality of light can disrupt the circadian rhythm as light influences the circadian clock synchronization, affecting the behavior and physiology of an organism. We determined the effects of different light-dark cycles and LED colors, specifically white, blue, and yellow, on the behavior and physiology of P. roborovskii. The test subjects were acclimated for one week. Five setups were utilized per LED color, particularly control (12L:12D) and treatment groups (24L:0D, 18L:6D, 6L:18D, 0L:24D). The amount of food intake (g), running wheel usage duration (min), sleep duration (min), and body weight (g) were recorded daily. Inferences regarding the melatonin and corticosterone levels were established from the behavioral assessment. The findings revealed a significant difference in sleep duration and running wheel usage. Results showed that white light at 18L:6D induced longer sleep duration, while blue light at 18L:6D resulted in shorter sleep duration. Moreover, blue light at 24L:0D promoted a longer duration of running wheel usage, whereas yellow light at 0L:24D impeded the use of the running wheel. Based on the behavioral data, it can be inferred that as melatonin levels increase throughout sleep onset, corticosterone levels decrease. Furthermore, there is no significant difference in the amount of food intake and body weight between the control and treatment groups. In conclusion, behavioral and physiological changes following light exposure were observed, disrupting the test subjects' circadian rhythm.
Integrated application of granular and liquid bioorganic fertilizers improves corn productivity and soil fertility in light chestnut soils
Abstract. Karabayev K, Suleimenov B, Songulov Y, Akhmurzin U, Smanov A. 2025. Integrated application of granular and liquid bioorganic fertilizers improves corn productivity and soil fertility in light chestnut soils. Cell Biol Dev 9: 54-63. This study evaluated the effectiveness of integrated granular and liquid bioorganic fertilizers in enhancing soil fertility and corn (Zea mays) productivity on light chestnut soils in the Agopark Ontusik region. Field experiments were conducted using three rates of granular organic fertilizer (0, 1000, and 2000?kg?ha?¹) combined with four concentrations of a humic-based foliar biostimulant (0, 2, 4, and 6?mL?L?¹). Agronomic performance was assessed through vegetative traits, biomass accumulation, yield components, and grain productivity. Soil fertility parameters and economic profitability were also evaluated. The results showed that both fertilizer types significantly improved plant height, leaf area, and biomass, with the highest values recorded under the combined treatment of 2000?kg?ha?¹ + 6?mL?L?¹. Grain yield increased from 7.4?t/ha in the control to 13.5?t/ha in the best treatment. Available phosphorus (P?O?) in the topsoil rose from 14.0 to 26.0?mg/kg, while exchangeable potassium (K?O) declined due to high plant uptake. Economic analysis revealed that the most intensive treatment produced the highest net income (339,520 tenge/ha) and lowest cost per 100?kg of grain (2,519 tenge). Correlation analysis confirmed strong associations between biomass and yield, highlighting the importance of balanced nutrient supply. These findings demonstrate that bioorganic fertilization strategies are effective in restoring fertility and improving productivity on marginal soils, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional inputs in dryland cropping systems.
Effect of algal fertilization on the biochemical and phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of tomato and pepper plants
Abstract. Baroud S, Tahrouch S, Hatimi A. 2024. Effect of algal fertilization on the biochemical and phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of tomato and pepper plants. Cell Biol Dev 8: 36-44. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of three brown algae, Bifurcaria bifurcata, Cystoseira gibraltarica and Fucus spiralis, on the biochemical and phytochemical composition of tomato and pepper plants. The algae were applied in two forms and at different concentrations: aqueous extract (0.5%, 1% and 2%) and amendment (C1, C2 and C3). The aqueous extract of B. bifurcata with its three concentrations showed the highest protein content in tomato leaves (217, 200 and 196.9 mg/g DM) and all aqueous extracts of F. spiralis showed high levels of total sugars (83.13, 83.08 and 75.38 mg/g DM). For pepper, the highest protein content was recorded for the 1% C. gibraltarica aqueous extract (196.57 mg/g DM). High levels of total sugars in pepper leaves were induced by the 2% C. gibraltarica aqueous extract (52.22 mg/g DM). Furthermore, the photosynthetic pigment content of the leaves of both vegetable crops (tomato and pepper) was generally significantly affected by the presence of aqueous extracts and amendments of the three brown algae. In addition, tomato and pepper plants treated with aqueous extracts (spraying) or by amendment, showed a significant improvement in all phytochemical parameters and antioxidant activity. These three algae proved to be good candidates for the effective development of biostimulants to improve biochemical composition and phytochemical parameters. This study could provide important information on the identification and use of Moroccan algal resources in agriculture.
Morphological and foliar epidermal studies of fronds of Platycerium bifurcatum and P. superbum in Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract. Ajuru MG, Joshua JA, Chikere LC, Ibiye A. 2024. Morphological and foliar epidermal studies of fronds of Platycerium bifurcatum and P. superbum in Rivers State, Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 8: 28-35. This work investigated the morphological and foliar epidermal characters of the sterile and fertile fronds of Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr. and Platycerium superbum de Jonch. & Hennipman in Rivers State University, Nigeria. The two species of ferns, P. bifurcatum and P. superbum, belong to the family Polypodiaceae. They are unique epiphytes and have intrigued botanists, horticulturists, and plant enthusiasts; investigating plants' morphological and foliar anatomical structures has been crucial for plant classification. Qualitative and quantitative analytical methods were used for morphological study, while light microscopy was used for foliar anatomical study. Results showed that P. bifurcatum is a perennial, evergreen, broadly terrestrial, epiphytic fern. The rhizome is clingy, brown, or copper-colored, short, coarse, hidden, and enclosed in more than two peltate scales, and the frond is dimorphic (sterile and fertile), while P. superbum is a perennial, broad, and multi-branching terrestrial and epiphytic fern. The rhizome is a short-creeping, hidden, brown, or copper-colored structure, covered with chaffy, lanceolate scales and embedded in a mass of fronds and roots, and the frond is dimorphic. Epidermal cell shapes were found to be irregular, with thick and straight to wavy anticlinal walls in the fertile fronds, and irregular, with wavy to sinuous, thick anticlinal walls in the sterile fronds. The stomata types observed were diacytic, amphidiacytic, and anomocytic, except for the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the sterile fronds of P. bifurcatum, which were paracytic and hemiparasitic. This study focuses on recognizing morpho-anatomical characters of the fronds of these species, which will help in taxonomy, species identification, future comparisons, and quality control of the botanicals.
Growth of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) roots in different internodes of stem cuttings with NAA (Naphthaleneacetic Acid) treatments
Abstract. Mudyantini W, Huda YN, Pitoyo A. 2024. Growth of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) roots in different internodes of stem cuttings with NAA (Naphthaleneacetic Acid) treatments. Cell Biol Dev 8: 19-27. Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) is a plantation commodity with high economic value. Unstable production of vanilla pods causes a decrease in vanilla pod exports. One of the obstacles is the limited availability of seeds. This study aims to determine the effect of combining two treatments on root growth in vanilla stem cuttings. The first treatment was a variation of NAA concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm. The second treatment was the cuttings' age on the third, fifth, and seventh nodes of vanilla stem cuttings. The planting material was soaked in a solution of NAA hormone and was carried out 3 repetitions for 60 minutes. Cuttings were planted in the growing medium for 90 days. The research parameters measured were root emergence time, first root length, number of root branches, first root diameter, root branch length, number of leaves, and shoot height. The results showed that soaking vanilla cuttings with an NAA concentration of 150 ppm accelerated root emergence and increased primary root length. The seventh node of the vanilla cuttings soaked in 150 ppm of NAA hormone solution was the best combination for the time of root emergence and root length, while the fifth node without being soaked in NAA hormone solution was the best combination for shoot height and the number of leaves. Soaking vanilla cuttings with NAA hormone solution did not affect increasing root diameter, number of roots, and length of root branches.
Leaf anatomy of twenty Dioscorea cultivars from Nigeria
Abstract. Matthew JO, Azeez SO, Akinloye AJ, Alebiowu G, Faluyi JO. 2024. Leaf anatomy of twenty Dioscorea cultivars from Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 8: 1-12. Dioscorea spp. is an important food crop in Nigeria; Dioscorea alata L., D. cayenensis Lam., D. dumetorum (Kunth) Pax, and D. rotundata Poir. are the major species cultivated in this country. Previous studies on anatomical research of the genus Dioscorea have been concentrated mostly on quantitative morphometrics, while broad foliar anatomical studies, especially qualitative features of this crop receive little attention. Therefore, using qualitative and quantitative characteristic features in the anatomical study will be more detailed; ditto this study aimed at improving the anatomical and taxonomic knowledge to broaden evolutionary information of the cultivated Dioscorea spp. in Nigeria. Four major cultivated Dioscorea species' leaf and petiole anatomical features were evaluated, focusing on epidermis histology using transverse sections. Qualitative features were observed under a light microscope, while quantitative data were subject to mean separation using One-Way ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The cultivars and species studied had hypostomatic leaves with similar stoma types. Only D. dumetorum had distinct unicellular trichomes and lacked raphides, while the wing character of D. alata is a distinguishing feature for the species. PCA showed that stomata area (mm2) is an important characteristic feature in the anatomical study of yam; also, D. alata, D. cayenensis, and D. rotundata were closely related. The D. rotundata had the highest value for stomata quantitative characteristic features.
Effects of light intensity on seed germination and early growth seedlings of Spondias mombin in Bangladesh
Abstract. Das N. 2023. Effects of light intensity on seed germination and early growth seedlings of Spondias mombin in Bangladesh. Cell Biol Dev 7: 82-88. The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of light intensity on the seed germination and early growth of Spondias mombin L. under four light-intensity treatments (40%, 60%, 100%, and under a closed natural forest canopy) in polybags containing a mixture of topsoil and cow dung in a 3:1 ratio. The results showed that the closed natural forest canopy and 100% light intensity treatments resulted in unsatisfactory germination of S. mombin seeds. The 40% light intensity treatment (medium shading) significantly increased seed germination, with the highest cumulative seed germination at 40% light intensity (71.61%) and the lowest at 100% light intensity (26.58%). Intense light delayed germination. Light intensity significantly (P ?0.05) affected most of the morphological and physiological parameters of the seedling early growth. The early growth phase of seedlings did not perform well under heavy shade, indicating that S. mombin requires shading during early growth. Seedlings under 100% light intensity died shortly after emergence. The findings demonstrated that the best growth and most stable seedlings were obtained under 60% light intensity. Therefore, adequate exposure to light at the nursery stage is necessary for the optimum growth performance of S. mombin seedlings for agroforestry and afforestation purposes in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2023 Cell Biology and Development
Seed phenotypic variations in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, from selected open markets in Edo State, Nigeria
Abstract. Ikhajiagbe B, Ogwu MC, Omage ZE. 2023. Seed phenotypic variations in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, from selected open markets in Edo State, Nigeria. Biodiversitas 24: 89-102. Understanding the phenotypic variation of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (cowpea) can facilitate sustainable utilization and support protein security goals. This study aimed to investigate the existence and level of seed phenotypic variations within and among three local cultivars of cowpea, namely Ife Brown, Ekpoma Local, and Sokoto White in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. This information will assist utilization, conservation planning, and breeding efforts. Key qualitative and quantitative characters were collected and analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results showed no variations in the qualitative parameters among the seeds of cvs. Ekpoma Local and Sokoto White. However, cv. Ife Brown varied significantly, particularly in seed color. Significant variations (P>0.05) existed in the seed quantitative parameters. The seed volume was the most diverse, with a coefficient of variation of 13.15-14.14. Further, the seed volume of cv. Sokoto White was the most diverse. Regarding overall variation, the group mean sum of squares for cv. Ife Brown was 146.95, compared to 26.18 and 31.23 for cvs. Ekpoma Local and Sokoto White, respectively, indicate that cv. Ife Brown was the most likely variable cultivar. There is a need for molecular characterization to ascertain the diversity observed in the cowpea seeds.
Allelopathic effects of leachates of African peach (Nauclea diderrichii) and white afara (Terminalia superba) on germination and growth of maize
Abstract. Onefeli AO, Oluranti OI, Uthman KT, Aderibigbe AA, Mustapha MB. 2024. Allelopathic effects of leachates of African peach (Nauclea diderrichii) and white afara (Terminalia superba) on germination and growth of maize. Cell Biol Dev 7: 22-27. This study was done to identify the allelopathic interference and nature of Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) Merr. and Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels on seed germination, the Seedling Vigour Index (SVI), and the growth of the seed of maize (Zea mays L.), to determine the best selection of tree species for agroforestry. The study was done at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, both in the laboratory and on an agroforestry site. The freshly dried leaves of N. diderrichii and T. superba were collected and ground into powder to make leachate. The 3%, 6%, and 12% treatment leachate were made by soaking the powder for 24 hours, and the maize seeds were watered with the leachate. Statistical analysis was done with the data collected from the growth parameters for the two species using ANOVA, T-test, and Correlation. The N. diderrichii showed a slightly more effect on the maize than T. superba; the inhibitory effect of N. diderrichii was high with the increase in concentration of 3% (1.52), 6% (0.35), and 12% (0.81)) treatments, comparing mean values with the control. The two species have an inhibitory effect on most of the growth parameters. It was evident that N. diderrichii has more inhibitory effect on maize at high concentrations than T. superba. Seedling shoot dry weight had the strongest correlation with the SVI among the growth parameters. The result shows that T. superba is more suitable for agroforestry systems than N. diderrichii.
Applying home-based experiments on locally isolated Dictyostelium discoideum to qualitatively demonstrate taxis of social amoebae
Abstract. Claudio-Paragas CY, Balaoro-Banzuela RC, Dagamac NHA, Ocenar-Bautista CE. 2023. Applying home-based experiments on locally isolated Dictyostelium discoideum to qualitatively demonstrate taxis of social amoebae. Cell Biol Dev 7: 75-81. Recent years have seen a growing interest in studies on slime molds based in the Philippines, but the inclusivity of Dictyostelids has been largely overlooked. The country has very few studies investigating this category of microbial predators over the past two decades despite their ecological importance in maintaining balance in the soil ecosystem. Thus, we consolidated a multifaceted assessment that examined the behavioral response of locally isolated dictyostelids to an array of external stimuli, particularly under light- and food-induced conditions. The tail-end movement of the motile cells of the clear-cut species, Dictyostelium discoideum Raper, was assessed through a proxy indicator based on the fructification of the species. This was done by setting up two simple home-based experimental setups that investigate the effect of light wavelengths and prey cell viability based on the differentiation rate and one choice experiment that looks into the designation of fructification of D. discoideum, whether it preferentially differentiates under light or in darkness. Our setups revealed the following: (i) fruiting bodies develop in any light wavelength, but fructification is fastest in white ambient light; (ii) dead microbial cells constitute a lag in fruiting body development; and (iii) the decision-making of D. discoideum does not prefer photo avoidance.
Effects of cutting source and IBA concentration on shooting and rooting ability of Pouteria adolfi-friederici stem cuttings at polypropagator
Abstract. Bahru T, Derero A. 2023. Effects of cutting source and IBA concentration on shooting and rooting ability of Pouteria adolfi-friederici stem cuttings at polypropagator. Cell Biol Dev 7: 56-66. Pouteria adolfi-friederici (Engl.) Baehni is an indigenous tree species extensively exploited for high-quality timber. Limited availability of seeds, intensive seed predation and recalcitrant seeds are bottlenecks for growing the tree species. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cutting source and Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration on vegetative propagation of the species at a non-mist polypropagator. A total of 160 stem cuttings comprising four treatments (seedling cuttings + 0.2% IBA dose, seedling cuttings + 0.4% IBA dose, branch cuttings + 0.2% IBA dose and branch cuttings + 0.4% IBA dose) established using a completely randomized design for 180 days. The survival rate, rooting response, number of leaves/or buds, root number, and root length per rooted cuttings of seedling cuttings treated with 0.2% were significantly (p<0.01) the highest. Consequently, 70% of shooting and rooting success and higher mean root length (1.97+1.92 cm) were induced by seedling cuttings treated with 0.2% IBA concentration. In conclusion, seedling cuttings treated with 0.2% IBA concentration are more promising for vegetative propagation at a non-mist polypropagator. Hence, establishing mother stocks in nurseries and their proper management to serve as sources of juvenile stems will be essential for the successful macro-propagation of the species besides growing the species with seeds.
Enhancing vegetative and root productions of four turnip genotypes through varied humic acid fertilizer levels
Abstract. Ullah H, Kiran M, Haq F, Waseem K, Nadeem MA, Ghazanfarullah, Farid A, Aziz T. 2023. Enhancing vegetative and root productions of four turnip genotypes through varied humic acid fertilizer levels. Cell Biol Dev 7: 67-74. A meticulously designed pot experiment was conducted to investigate the intricate effects of varying Humic Acid (HA) fertilizer levels on the growth patterns of four distinct turnip genotypes. The trial encompassed an array of HA concentrations, from 0 to 120 Kg/ha, to discern their influence on the vegetative and root aspects of the turnip plants. The outcomes of this comprehensive study unveiled an undeniable impact of HA concentrations on virtually every facet of turnip growth and output. Notably, the pinnacle of performance across several critical parameters, including plant height, leaf area, canopy coverage, leaf count per plant, chlorophyll content in leaves, and both the fresh and dry weights of both leaves and roots, was achieved at the HA concentration of 60 kg/ha. Among the four turnip genotypes scrutinized, the Golden Bal genotype reacted favorably to the HA treatments. With a compelling total yield of 11.79 t/ha, the Golden Bal genotype emerged as a leader in productive response. A noteworthy revelation was the intricate interplay between the specific turnip genotypes and the HA concentrations employed. This interplay significantly affected numerous facets of vegetative development and yield-related attributes. The synergy observed between the moderate HA concentration of 60 Kg/ha and the Golden Bal genotype was particularly striking, resulting in a superior manifestation of various traits compared to alternate genotype-HA combinations. In essence, this research has effectively underscored the pivotal role of varying HA fertilizer levels in steering the trajectory of turnip production. The findings of this study bear valuable implications for optimizing agricultural practices to harness the full potential of turnip cultivation while emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of genotype-HA interactions in modern agronomic endeavors.
Short Communication: Comparative foliar epidermal study of some species of pteridophytes in Rivers State University, Nigeria
Abstract. Ibiye AI, Green BO, Ajuru MG. 2023. Comparative foliar epidermal study of some species of pteridophytes in Rivers State University, Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 7: 51-55. Pteridophytes show many forms and are cosmopolitan in distribution, from sea level to high mountains. They are about 13,500 species of fern and allies distributed throughout the world. Some are edible, while some are ornamental. They are economically important to humans in food, medicine, ornaments, fibers, and cultural usages. Ferns generally are an understudied group of plants, and no work on the foliar epidermal study of the three species in the South-South part of Nigeria has been done. The study aimed to investigating the foliar anatomy of three species of pteridophytes at Rivers State University, Nigeria, to elucidate their taxonomic knowledge using this line of evidence. The standard method for foliar epidermal analysis was employed. Fresh mature leaves were soaked in sodium hypochlorite (5%) for 3-5 minutes to soften the tissues, and the adaxial surface was scraped off with a sharp razor blade until the abaxial surface was reached; equally, the abaxial surface was scraped off to reveal the adaxial surface. The species include: Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.F.) Pic. Serm., and Microgramma mauritiana (Wild.) Tardieu. Results of the foliar epidermal anatomical study revealed that the presence of uniseriate non-glandular trichomes on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of N. biserrata and absent in P. scolopendria and M. mauritiana is diagnostic of this species. The presence of diacytic stomata in addition to anomocytic type in the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of N. biserrata also separates it from P. scolopendria which had amphidiacytic stomata on the abaxial surface and M. mauritiana lacked stomata on this surface. All three species possessed numerous crystal sand on both surfaces, which is also diagnostic. These characters have been reported to be diagnostic and considered highly significant for solving taxonomic disputes through identification and delimiting among the species, thus broadening the scope of their taxonomic knowledge.
Effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica on growth performance and liver function parameters in male albino rats
Abstract. Arowora KA, Ugwuoke KC, Abah MA, Ugwoke BC. 2023. Effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica on growth performance and liver function parameters in male albino rats. Cell Biol Dev 7: 28-34. The effects of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Azadirachta indica A.Juss. aqueous leaf extract on growth performance and liver function parameters in male albino rats were evaluated. Synthesis of AgNPs from AgNO3 and plant extract was achieved using standard methods, while the characteristic peak of the synthesized AgNPs was determined using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a resolution of 1 nM. The crystal structure of AgNPs was determined using the technique of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Growth performance study was carried out using the AOAC method. A total of 16 male albino rats weighing between 120 and 180 g were randomly allotted into four experimental groups having four rats each. 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg AgNPs were administered daily to Groups 2, 3, and 4 respectively for 14 days, while Group 1 served as the control. At the end of the administration, rats were sacrificed under anaesthetization, and serum samples were collected for analysis. The result revealed that the absorption characteristic peak of the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the silver nanoparticles synthesized was 450 nM. It was also observed that the growth performance of the experimental animals gave no significant difference in average weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio. The feed conversion ratio of Group 4 (6.94) is significantly higher than all the groups. However, Groups 2 (4.56) and 3 (4.74) were found to be non-significant (P>0.05), and significantly higher than the Control Group (3.75). Synthesized silver nanoparticles from A. indica affected the level of some selected biochemical parameters such as ALT, ALP, TP AST, and Albumin in a non-significant way. This study found no evidence of hazardous effects from silver nanoparticles, which could be attributed to the minimal dosage of AgNPs used or the source of the nanoparticles.
Protective effect of vitamin C against alcohol induced lungs toxicity in adult male Wistar rats
Abstract. Oyesola OA, Osonuga IO, George ET. 2023. Protective effect of vitamin C against alcohol induced lungs toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Cell Biol Dev 7: 35-40. The lungs are the major organs in the respiratory system. The toxic effect of alcohol on the lungs leads to cell death and loss of function. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of vitamin C on alcohol-induced lung toxicity in male Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats were acclimated for 14 days and randomly divided into eight groups. Group A was the control and received only distilled water. Group B was given alcohol, while groups C, D, and E received varying doses of vitamin C. Groups F, G, and H received alcohol, followed by vitamin C. After 21 days of treatment, the rats' lungs were collected and evaluated for various parameters, including antioxidant enzyme activity (Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation levels (malodialdehyde (MDA), carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood, and histopathological changes. The results indicated that rats that received only alcohol had increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, and GSH) in the lungs, high CO2 levels in the blood, dilation of the alveolar sac, and disorientation of the bronchioles. However, groups treated with alcohol and vitamin C exhibited increased antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and CO2 content of the blood, regenerative changes, and improvement in the histo-architecture of the lungs. Vitamin C has demonstrated protective properties against alcohol-induced lung toxicity.
Comparing in vitro plant regeneration ability of Oryza sativa L. cv. Fujisaka 5 and Brachiaria decumbens from embryogenic callus
Abstract. Daud Z, Osman AS, Jelodar NB, Chan L-K. 2022. Comparing in vitro plant regeneration ability of Oryza sativa L. cv. Fujisaka 5 and Brachiaria decumbens from embryogenic callus. Cell Biol Dev 7: 20-27. The aim of this study was to compare the plant regeneration ability of Oryza sativa L. cv Fujisaka 5, a cold resistance japonica rice and Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, a tropical savanna grass, using embryogenic calli. The plant regeneration ability of both species has not been reported elsewhere. Friable calli were induced from the O. sativa Fujisaka 5 seeds on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 2,4-D. While embryogenic calli were produced from B. decumbens seeds using a similar culture medium and remained embryogenic even after frequent subculturing. The friable calli of O. sativa Fujisaka 5 became embryogenic (88.2-97.7%) when they were subcultured onto MS medium containing 2,4-D and kinetin or BAP and NAA (0.5 - 1.0 mgL-1) for four weeks. When the induced embryogenic calli (0.5 g) of both species were subcultured onto MS without plant growth regulators, plantlets were generated after one to two weeks with the formation of 2-3 plantlets for O. sativa Fujisaka 5 and 4-5 plantlets for B. decumbens per 0.5 g calli. The present study proved that plant regeneration of B. decumbens could be accomplished via direct somatic embryogenesis, which involved two stages: initiation of somatic embryos from germinating seeds on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 2,4-D and plantlet regeneration achieved via transferring the somatic embryos onto MS medium without PGRs. Plantlets of O. sativa Fujisaka 5 were established via indirect somatic embryogenesis which involved three stages: induction of callus from germinating seeds on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 2,4-D, followed by the production of somatic embryos using MS medium containing 0.5 - 1.0 mgL-1 2,4-D and kinetin or BAP and NAA and finally plant regeneration by subculturing the somatic embryos onto MS medium without PGRs. These established plant regeneration protocols of O. sativa Fujisaka 5 and B. decumbens would be useful for future rice improvement research.
Inhibitory efficacy of selected botanical, microbial and synthetic pesticides against Colletotrichum alatae, causing water yam anthracnose disease
Abstract. Ndifon EM. 2023. Inhibitory efficacy of selected botanical, microbial and synthetic pesticides against Colletotrichum alatae, causing water yam anthracnose disease. Cell Biol Dev 7: 41-46. Yam (Dioscorea spp.) ranks first followed by cassava and sweet potato among root and tuber crops in sub-Sahara Africa. However, yam production is constrained mainly by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. The aim of this research was to propose some practicable botanical, chemical, and biocontrol measures appropriate to the management of Colletotrichum alatae, causing tuber rot disease in water yam. All the experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design. The results revealed that Carbendazim+Mancozeb (50% concentration), Mancozeb+Cu(I)O+Metalaxyl (100% concentration), and Mancozeb (100% concentration) significantly (P?0.05) inhibited the pathogen compared to the other treatments. Trichoderma harzianum isolate AIM16 showed significantly (P?0.05) better inhibition of C. alatae. T. harzianum isolate NSBM, T. harzianum isolate BGMZ4, and T. harzianum isolate AIM3 were significantly (P?0.05) better that the control. Extract of Eucalyptus globulus L. (100% concentration) showed the best inhibitory ability and was significantly different (P?0.05) from other treatments, followed by E. globulus (50%), Guieria senegalensis JF Gmel. (100%), Bauhinia purpurea L. (100%), Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf. (100%). A 50% concentration of Guieria, Bauhinia, and Cymbopogon species also effectively controlled the pathogen. All plant extracts inhibited C. alatae significantly (P?0.05) more than the control. It was concluded that C. alatae can be successfully managed using any of the three strategies.
Determination of active components from selected plants used in traditional medicine in Nigeria by GC-MS screening
Abstract. Abu MS, Mashi RL, Lawal JY, Ezekiel EH. 2023. Determination of active components from selected plants used in traditional medicine in Nigeria by GC-MS screening. Cell Biol Dev 7: 9-19. Herbal products have been utilized extensively in treating various ailments for centuries. Because of the enormous range of functionally relevant secondary metabolites of microbial and plant species, natural products and related structures are critical sources for discovering novel medications. The study investigated the phytoconstituents of extract of selected plants commonly used in traditional medicine in Nigeria, which include: bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), bitter kola (Garcinia kola Heckel), Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and a mixture of all (turmeric, garlic, ginger, bitter leaf and bitter kola) using GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). GC-MS analysis was performed using Agilent 6890 GC with 59739N MSD and GC-MS equipped with Elite-I fused with silica capillary column (Cpsil 8cb: 30 mm x 25 mm x 0.25 mm). The carrier gas was Helium at a 1.5 mL/min flow rate. The sample was injected at a volume of 1 ?L. The results of the analysis confirmed the presence of several compounds. The most prevailing compounds of medicinal value are Hexadecanoic acid, Cis-9,cis-12-Octadecadienoic acid, Squalene, Octanoic acid, Benzene, Pentanoic acid, beta.-Bisabolene, Nonanoic acid, aR-Turmerone, (3R,3aR,7R,8aS)-3,8,8-Trimethyl-6- methyleneoctahydro-1H-3a, Undecanoic acid, 2-Pentadecanone, Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Phytol, Linoleic acid, Dotriacontane, 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 2,6-Octadienal, 7-Propylidene-bicyclo4.1.0, Butan-2-one, 3-Cyclohexen-1-carboxaldehyde, (E)-1-(6,10-Dimethylundec-5-en-2-yl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-Decanol, Tetratetracontane, Caparratriene, Squalene, 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol. The evaluated plants showed the presence of various biologically active compounds as the scientific background of their use in traditional medicine.
Effect of cypermethrin insecticide on root chromosome morphometry of scallion (Allium fistulosum)
Abstract. Haq FAN, Etikawati N, Solichatun. 2023. Effect of cypermethrin insecticide on root chromosome morphometry of scallion (Allium fistulosum). Cell Biol Dev 7: 14-21. Farmers in Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia, commonly use a pesticide known as cypermethrin insecticide whenever growing scallion (Allium fistulosum L.). If used at excessive levels, cypermethrin pesticide can be fatal to plants. Chromosome morphological changes are an indicator of cypermethrin insecticide's toxicity. Chromosomal morphometry, the study of chromosomal size and shape, can provide an overall picture of the quality of a plant's development. This research aimed to evaluate cypermethrin insecticide's impact on A. fistulosum root chromosomal morphometrics. Information gleaned from chromosomal morphometry includes chromosome shape, chromosome size, aberration type, chromosomal aberration index, relative asymmetry index, relative centromere index, and mitotic chromosome index. The concentration of cypermethrin was the sole independent variable in this study, which used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial arrangement. Long green onions were treated with varying concentrations of cypermethrin for up to four weeks: 0 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.10 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, 0.20 mg/L, and 0.25 mg/L. The squash method was used to prepare the plant's apex roots. The root chromosomal visualization output was subjected to quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The mitotic index decreased, and the chromosome aberration index increased after exposure to cypermethrin pesticides. The higher the concentration of the pesticide cypermethrin, the lower the mitotic index and the greater the chromosome aberration index. Long green onion root cells exposed to cypermethrin insecticide underwent chromosomal aberrations that could be identified qualitatively. Sticky chromosomes, chromosome bridge, chromosome agglutination, disrupted metaphase, disturbed anaphase, and hypoploid cell are examples of chromosomal aberrations.
Gamma irradiation effect on the microbial load and physicochemical properties of honey from Ghana
Abstract. Larbi DA, Klutse CK, Adotey DK. 2022. Gamma irradiation effect on the microbial load and physicochemical properties of honey from Ghana. Cell Biol Dev 6: 94-107. The honey's high sugar concentration and low pH give it antimicrobial properties and make it difficult for microorganisms to grow. This study is to ascertain microorganisms' presence in Ghanaian honey, the sources of microbial contamination, the physico-chemical properties of honey, and the effect of gamma radiation on the microbial load. Furthermore, 90 honey samples were collected from Brong Ahafo, Ashanti, and Greater Accra, Ghana, with 30 from each region. Honey was sampled directly from the beehive with the comb before the farmer harvested, and honey was sampled from retailers who buy directly from the farmer. The effect of gamma radiation on the microbial load was studied using a 60Co source gamma irradiation facility at doses of 20 kGy, 30 kGy, and 40 kGy on the presence of microbes and the physicochemical properties (pH, reducing sugar, apparent sucrose, and ash content) of honey. The pH values obtained for the Honey Comb samples were in the range of 3.6-3.9, and the pH for the Retail samples was in the range of 4.9-5.6. Microorganisms were not detected in about 70% of the honey sampled directly from the honeycomb. The mean microbial count in the remaining 30% was within the range of 30-35%, whereas all the honey sampled from the retailers was contaminated with microbes. The mean microbial counts in the retailer samples were 148 CFU/g, 183 CFU/g, and 271 CFU/g for Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, and Greater Accra Regions, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the required maximum relative to the MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del SUR) standard (? 100 CFU/g). The low level of microbial detection in the Honey Comb samples (30-35 CFU/g) could be due to their relatively low pH levels (3.6-3.9) compared to the retailer samples with pH within 4.9-5.6. The ash content of all the honey sampled and analyzed was within the required standard, with an average of 0.16% in the honeycomb samples and an average of 0.62% for the retail samples. The apparent sucrose concentration (in percentage) in honey sampled from the retailers was within the range of 22-33%, which is beyond the required maximum as stipulated by the CODEX Alimentarius Commission (? 10%). The study showed that a 20 kGy gamma radiation dose was enough to denature the microbes and preserve the honey's essential qualities. Finally, to ensure good quality honey on the Ghanaian market, it is recommended that honey meant for human consumption should undergo gamma irradiation (cold pasteurization).
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