Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry
Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all important contributions to natural product chemistry, include bioactivity compounds of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals; activities of antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasite, anti-cancer, etc.; ethnopharmacology, ethnomedicines and medical application; plant-derived drugs and pharmaceutical formulations and evaluation; as well as biochemistry, chemistry, biotechnology, physiology, cell structures, pharmacology, toxicology , and chemical ecology of natural products. Scopus
Polyisoprenoid-based chemotaxonomy and cluster analysis of mangrove reproductive tissues from North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Basyuni M, Pulungan W, Al Mustaniroh SS, Baba S. 2025. Polyisoprenoid-based chemotaxonomy and cluster analysis of mangrove reproductive tissues from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 110-121. This study investigates the chemotaxonomic significance of polyisoprenoids—specifically polyprenols and dolichols—in the reproductive organs (flowers and fruits) of fourteen mangrove species from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Employing Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography (2D-TLC) as a high-resolution analytical tool and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering as a classification approach, we profiled the polyisoprenoid compounds in flowers. We classified them into three types based on their relative abundance. Type I, with a predominance of dolichols over polyprenols (more than ninefold), was observed in Barringtonia asiatica, Lumnitzera racemosa, Ricinus communis, and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea. Type II, with the occurrence of both polyprenols and dolichols, was observed in Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Melastoma candidum, and Sonneratia alba. Type III, with a predominance of polyprenols over dolichols, was observed in Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronata. However, in the fruits, a type-I distribution was observed in nine species. In comparison, five species, Acanthus illicifolius, A. officinalis, H. tiliaceus, Lumnitzera littorea, and M. candidum, corresponded to a type II distribution and were not type III. Quantitative analyses revealed that dolichols were dominant in 64% of the fruit tissues, while floral tissues showed more diversity. Hierarchical cluster analysis using /UPGMA grouped species based on polyisoprenoid similarity, demonstrating their value as chemotaxonomic markers. These findings provide a significant foundation for mangrove conservation strategies by linking biochemical markers to species resilience in the coastal ecosystem, inspiring potential new approaches to conservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry
Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase by raw and boiled garlic extracts for postprandial hyperglycemia management
Abstract. Alam MJ, Rahman NSS. 2025. Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase by raw and boiled garlic extracts for postprandial hyperglycemia management. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 122-130. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a severe metabolic disorder that causes hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin function. Inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as a-amylase and a-glucosidase, can reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. This study investigated the ability of garlic extracts (Allium sativum) to inhibit these important enzymes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Raw and boiled Deshi and Indian garlic extracts were prepared and assessed for their ability to inhibit a-amylase and a-glucosidase activities using standard in vitro enzyme inhibition assays. The types of enzyme inhibition were analyzed through Lineweaver-Burk plots. Deshi raw garlic extract at 20 mg/mL inhibited the ?-amylase enzyme by 52.49%, with an IC50 value of 17.62 mg/mL, while Deshi boiled garlic extract exhibited the lowest inhibition at the lowest concentration. Similarly, Deshi raw garlic extract showed the highest inhibition of a-glucosidase at the maximum concentration tested, whereas Indian boiled garlic extract demonstrated the lowest inhibition at the minimum tested concentration. Notably, raw and boiled garlic extracts inhibited a-amylase and a-glucosidase activities by 70% at concentrations comparable to acarbose, a commercial antidiabetic medication and the mode of inhibition for both enzymes by both types of garlic extracts was evaluated as competitive inhibition. The findings demonstrate that both raw and boiled garlic extracts exhibit inhibitory action against a-glucosidase and a-amylase, indicating their potential for managing postprandial hyperglycemia. These results support the development of garlic-based nutraceuticals or dietary interventions for the management of T2DM.
Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of Etlingera hemisphaerica (Zingiberaceae) from the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia
Abstract. Ridhwan M, Saudah, Nurman S, Masyudi, Fitriyana L, Yusnaini R. 2025. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of Etlingera hemisphaerica (Zingiberaceae) from the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 101-109. The increasing global incidence of cancer underscores the urgent need for sefar and more effective alternative therapies. Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.Sm. (Zingiberaceae), an andemic medicinal plant from the Gayo Highlands of Indonesia, has traditional uses but remains underexplored for its pharmacological potential. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer of E. hemisphaerica leaf extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate, and aquadest. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and anticancer activity was evaluated via the MTT assay against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line (ATCC HTB-22), with IC?? values calculated through linear regression analysis. Qualitative screening revealed the presence of major phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids. Quantitative analysis showed that the methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic content (506.4 ± 15.41 mg GAE/g), while the ethyl acetate extract had the highest flavonoid content (471.5 ± 20.55 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, with the methanol extract exhibiting the strongest radical scavenging capacity IC?? (0.40 ppm). Cytotoxic effects were determined by MTT assay against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (ATCC HTB-22), where the methanol extract showed the most potent activity (IC?? = 0.446 ppm; 43.47% inhibition at 200 ppm), outperforming ethyl acetate (IC?? (10.45 ppm) and aquadest IC?? (4.12 ppm) extracts. These results suggest that E. hemisphaerica, particularly in methanol extract, is a promising natural source of antioxidant and anticancer agents. Further bioassay-guided fractionation and in vivo studies are warranted to explore its therapeutic potential.
Review: Biological activity and zoochemical analysis of anchovies (Stolephorus spp.)
Abstrak. Anchovies (Stolephorus sp.) are small fish that usually live in herds and belong to the family Engraulidae. They originate from warm waters along the coasts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and are commonly found in shallow waters near coastlines and river streams. Ecologically, anchovies play an important role as prey and predators in the food networks in the sea, supporting the food needs of larger fish, birds, and marine mammals while also controlling plankton populations. For humans, anchovies have significant nutritional benefits, rich in high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals such as calcium and iron. These nutrients provide a variety of health benefits, including cardiovascular health, bone strength, and anemia prevention. In addition, anchovies are also used in medicine because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Anchovies are often consumed in various culinary traditions, whether fresh, dried, or processed into products such as fish sauce and fish pasta. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the biological activity or bioactivity of anchovies (Stolephorus sp.), highlighting their ecologically important benefits and their diverse benefits for human health. This review covers the nutritional composition, potential medicinal properties, and environmental significance of anchovies, providing a comprehensive overview of their contribution to the marine ecosystem and human well-being.
Review: The potential of freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) as a source of medicine and food
Abstract. Arifiandita DM, Ramadhan FA, Paramita FS, Purnamassari F, Sholiqin M, Naim DMd, Setyawan AD. 2025. Review: The potential of freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) as a source of medicine and food. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 52-69. Freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) possess exceptional nutritional and pharmacological properties that position them as a promising yet underutilized resource for functional foods and biomedicine. This review synthesizes current knowledge of their taxonomy, ecology, and life history traits, linking these to their biochemical composition and health benefits. Eel tissues are rich in high-quality proteins, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E), and unique bioactive compounds such as glycosaminoglycans, peptides, and antimicrobial proteins. These constituents contribute to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant, cardiovascular, and antimicrobial effects, with additional potential in neuroprotection, reproductive health, and skin repair. Comparative data across species and environments reveal substantial variability in nutrient profiles influenced by taxonomy, life stage, and habitat. The review also explores traditional and modern processing techniques that affect nutrient retention and bioavailability and discusses emerging applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Recognizing the ecological threats to wild eel populations, the paper emphasizes the crucial role of sustainable utilization strategies, including aquaculture and value-added product development, in ensuring the conservation of this valuable resource. By integrating biological, nutritional, medicinal, and cultural perspectives, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for future research and innovation in eel-based health products.
Effect of Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum on KRAS expression in AOM-induced colon cancer in rats
Abstract. Okelola CA, Odufuwa KT, Ezima EN, Adegbesan BO, Bello TH. 2025. Effect of Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum on KRAS expression in aom-induced colon cancer in rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 93-100. KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in colorectal cancer (CRC), contributing to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. In light of increasing interest in phytotherapy, this study investigated the modulatory effects of aqueous extracts of Momordica charantia and Ocimum basilicum on KRAS gene expression in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer in rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 8 per group): three treatment groups (receiving 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day of the extract), an AOM-only negative control, and a distilled water-treated normal control. AOM was administered at 20 mg/kg/week for four weeks to induce colon carcinogenesis. After treatment, colon tissues were harvested for histological examination and KRAS gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenols in the extracts. Histological evaluation revealed dose-dependent protection in extract-treated groups, with restoration of mucosal structure and reduced atypical features. qRT-PCR showed significant downregulation of KRAS gene expression in the high-dose group (200 mg/kg), with a 2.8-fold reduction compared to the AOM-only group (p < 0.01). The medium-dose group showed a moderate 1.6-fold reduction, while the low-dose group exhibited slight upregulation of KRAS expression. These findings suggest that aqueous extracts of M. charantia and O. basilicum exert chemopreventive effects in AOM-induced colon cancer, likely through phytochemical-mediated downregulation of oncogenic KRAS expression and preservation of colon histoarchitecture. The study supports the potential use of these plants as complementary agents in colorectal cancer therapy.
Steroidal glycosides from Mallotus philippensis induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via MTT and DAPI assays
Abstract. Manikyam HK, Joshi SK, Patil SB, Vakadi S, Patil AR. 2025. Steroidal glycosides from Mallotus philippensis induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via MTT and DAPI assays. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 47-51. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg., commonly referred to as the kamala tree, is a widely known ethnomedicinal plant possessing diverse pharmacological activities. Despite its traditional applications, modern research into its anticancer properties remains underexplored. The present study investigates the in vitro anticancer activity of steroidal glycoside-enriched fractions derived from the aerial parts of M. philippensis against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Ethanolic extraction followed by acetone precipitation was employed to obtain the glycoside-rich fraction. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of steroidal glycosides using Liebermann–Burchard and Salkowski tests. To evaluate cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction, MTT cell viability assay and DAPI nuclear staining assay were performed. The MTT assay results revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, achieving complete (100%) growth inhibition at 200 µg/mL. DAPI staining further confirmed the pro-apoptotic activity of the extract, showing prominent nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation, with an apoptotic index of 67.87 ± 6.13%. These effects were comparable to the standard positive control, sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), suggesting a potent anticancer potential. The findings support the hypothesis that steroidal glycosides present in M. philippensis can significantly induce apoptosis in hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. The anticancer effect is likely mediated through mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, characteristic of steroidal compounds. This study provides a strong rationale for further investigation into the bioactive constituents of M. philippensis, including isolation, molecular mechanism elucidation, and in vivo validation.
Therapeutic potential of combined Gongronema latifolium fruit and leaf extracts against oxidative stress and organ damage
Abstract. Okochi CV, Udedi SC, Asogwa KK, Otovbo EJ, Obi MS, Ezeaku UA. 2025. Therapeutic potential of combined Gongronema latifolium fruit and leaf extracts against oxidative stress and organ damage. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 38-46. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of combined extracts of the fruit and leaves of Gongronema latifolium in managing oxidative stress and protecting against liver and kidney damage. Forty albino rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (A-H), each consisting of 5 rats. Groups A-C served as the control groups, with Group B as the positive control group, receiving silymarin. Groups D-H were administered different ratios of G. latifolium fruit and leaf extracts at 100 mg/kg BW. The biochemical analysis and histological study of the liver were conducted using standard procedures. Results from the acute toxicity study showed that the LD50 value of the extract was >5000 mg/kg BW, categorized as relatively harmless; the combined extracts significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GSH, SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Most combined extracts demonstrated anti-hepatotoxic effects by lowering ALT, AST, and ALP levels. The combined extracts of fruit and leaf of G. latifolium demonstrated potential for renal protection, as evidenced by reduced urea and creatinine levels, particularly in groups receiving a higher ratio of fruit extract. Histological analysis showed normal liver tissue, indicating no adverse effects from the extracts. In conclusion, these combinations of fruit and leaf extracts of G. latifolium could be natural antioxidants and protective agents against environmental toxins, with possible applications in traditional medicine and therapeutic strategies.
Harnessing L-asparaginase from Solanaceae plants: Purification and molecular dynamics studies for cancer targeting
Abstract. Aisha A, Sajjad A, Munawar N, Azam HMH, Ishtiaq U, Nawaz S. 2025. Harnessing L-asparaginase from Solanaceae plants: Purification and molecular dynamics studies for cancer targeting. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 27-37. Conventional chemotherapeutic regimens have their adverse effects. Our research, however, offers a potential breakthrough in cancer treatment. We have discovered that l-asparaginase from plant sources can selectively target L-asparagine, the nutritional requirement of cancer cells. The aim was to elucidate the function and mechanism of action of anticancer and bactericidal plant-sourced L-asparaginase protein via proteomics. Biochemical, chromatographic techniques and SDS PAGE were employed for purifying L-asparaginase from Solanaceae plants, including Datura innoxia, Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger (leaves), Lycopersicum esculentum (fruit), Solanum tuberosum (roots), and Ipomoea batatas (roots). Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver Burk's plot demonstrated the characterization of the extracted protein from D. innoxia, which exhibited the maximum enzyme activity. Further, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to establish antimicrobial efficiency (through potato disc assays) and to determine the antitumor efficiency. Kinetic studies of L-asparaginase from D. innoxia revealed optimal activity at pH 8-8.5 and 37°C with [S]=8 ?g/mL, Km 0.1766 ?mol provided 1/2V max 0.525 ?mol/min, while the protein band of approximately 30 kDa. Ethanolic extracts inhibited growth 54.5, 33.30, and 45.65% among Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, with MIC 6.25 mg/dL. L-asparaginase anticancer mediation was validated using molecular dynamics simulations (InterPro Scan), identifying novel domain IPR027474 and active sites IPR020827 and IPR027475. This mechanism provided insights into anticancer action and potential sources for combinational therapies in clinical oncology.
Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract for the management of Streptococcus agalactiae-associated breast cancer
Abstract. Ukwubile CA, Menkiti ND, Otalu Jr O. 2023. Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract for the management of Streptococcus agalactiae-associated breast cancer. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 19-26. Breast cancer associated with Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896 infection poses complex therapeutic challenges, often exacerbating inflammatory responses and impacting tumor progression. Despite the use of various anticancer drugs, the development of resistance by cancer cells against these is still prevalent, hence, the need for an appropriate drug delivery strategy in the form of chitosan nanoparticles for effective treatment against breast cancer. This study investigates the antibacterial and anticancer effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) against S. agalactiae-associated breast cancer, assessing its influence on key bacterial and cancer biomarkers. Curcuma longa extract-loaded chitosan NPs were synthesized via ionic gelation and characterized for stability and particle size. Breast cancer cells and S. agalactiae cultures were treated with these NPs, and bacterial growth inhibition assays quantified antibacterial activity. Anticancer effects were evaluated using cell viability assays and measurements of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, including Tumor Necrotic Factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1beta (1L-1B), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. Curcuma longa-loaded chitosan NPs exhibited a significant antibacterial effect, reducing S. agalactiae counts by 87% compared to the control (p < 0.01). In cancer cells, the NPs decreased TNF-? and IL-1? levels by 52% and 48%, respectively, and significantly reduced COX-2 expression by 43% (p < 0.01). Additionally, ROS levels in treated cancer cells were reduced by 60% compared to control, highlighting the potent antioxidative activity of the NPs. These findings demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic potential of C. longa-loaded chitosan NPs for combating infection-associated breast cancer. The encapsulation of C. longa extract in chitosan NPs significantly improves antibacterial and anticancer activities, offering a dual-targeted approach that holds promise for treating S. agalactiae-associated breast cancer.
Characterization of caffeinated facial creams with Diploknema butyracea butter as an emollient
Abstract. Subedi S, Koirala S, Pokharel P, Bhandari DR. 2025. Characterization of caffeinated facial creams with Diploknema butyracea butter as an emollient. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 11-18. Caffeine, a versatile ingredient in cosmetics, is known for its vasoconstrictive, anti-inflammatory, UV protective, and anti-aging properties. The plant Diploknema butyracea, a medium-sized tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family, native to Nepal, India, and Bhutan, is known as chyuri, and its seeds contain about 55% fat, known as chyuri butter. Chyuri butter is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins (A and E) to hydrate, nourish, soften skin and serve as an effective emollient. In this study, we formulated caffeinated facial creams with D. butyracea butter and meticulously evaluated their physical and chemical properties. Caffeine was extracted via liquid-liquid extraction. Four formulations (F1 to F4) with varying concentrations of chyuri butter and caffeine were assessed for pH, stability, acid and saponification values, spreadability, in-vitro occlusivity, centrifugation, after-feel, smear type, removal, and dilution. The pH of the creams ranged from 6.7 to 7.6. All formulations, except F1, remained stable and homogeneous at different temperatures. Acid values (9.5-11.2) and saponification values (23.5-26.8) were satisfactory. The creams demonstrated good spreadability (4.3-4.5 cm) and improved water retention due to chyuri butter. No phase separation occurred during centrifugation. The creams formed a non-greasy film, were easily removable with tap water, and were confirmed as O/W (oil in water) type. Our findings not only validate the efficacy of caffeine and chyuri butter in cosmetic cream formulations but also open up new possibilities for their use in skincare products.
Pharmacognostic characterization and biological activities of Aponogeton crispus and A. rigidifolius
Abstract. Sarveswaran R, Jayasuriya WJAB, Dias B, Kariyawasam I, Hettiarachchi P, Suresh S. 2025. Pharmacognostic characterization and biological activities of Aponogeton crispus and A. rigidifolius. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 1-10. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of the plant family Aponogetonaceae have yet to be widely studied despite the existing ethnomedicinal evidence. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacognostic characteristics and pharmacological activities of Aponogeton crispus Thunb. and Aponogeton rigidifolius H.Bruggen plants. Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemia-related bioactivities of these plants were evaluated using well-established in vivo and in vitro methods. The safety profiles of the aqueous plant extracts were investigated in acute and chronic toxicity studies. Significance among different test groups in each assay was analyzed statistically. Reducing sugars, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols were found in the preliminary phytochemical screening. In pharmacological assessments, aqueous extracts of A. crispus at 120 mg/kg showed the highest inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, indicating its significant therapeutic potential. The percentage reduction in acetic acid-induced writhes was 46.48±3.46% for A. crispus and 54.22±2.10% for A. rigidifolius. Both extracts significantly reduced the body temperature of test rats at the third and fourth hour in brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia. Moreover, both plants showed appreciable safety profiles in 2,000 mg/kg dose. The study concludes that both A. crispus and A. rigidifolius plants possess explicit pharmacognostic characteristics, show significant therapeutic effects against the cardinal signs of inflammation and hyperglycemia, also exhibit no in vivo toxicities.
Biochemical evaluation on amelioration of oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk markers in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Kalanchoe pinnata aqueous extract
Abstract. Odinga-Israel TB, Lemii BC, Gabriel-Brisibe CU, Daka IR, Enebeli SK, Austin-Asomeji I, Ucheawaji F, Nodi CC. 2024. Biochemical evaluation on amelioration of oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk markers in hyperlipidemic rats treated with Kalanchoe pinnata aqueous extract. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 98-105. The continuous use of plants as a raw material for medicines has gained wide acceptance due to their pharmacological bioactive compounds. Metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia could result in cardiovascular diseases. This study evaluated the effect of the aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. on the antioxidant, lipid profile, and clinical indices in hyperlipidemic female albino rats. The female albino rats were induced with hyperlipidemia using a high-fat diet mixture consisting of 68% powdered rat feed (standard rat chow pellet), 20% instant milk powder (peak milk), 6% corn oil (Mazola), and 6% ghee. Thirty female albino rats were grouped into 5, with 6 rats in each group. Group 1 served as normal control, group 2 was positive control, and group 3 was negative control, while groups 4 and 5 were administered 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg aqueous K. pinnata extract for 21 days. The body weight of the rats was recorded after 21 days. The rats were then sacrificed, and blood samples were collected to determine the antioxidant status, lipid profile, troponin, CK, and myoglobin levels of the rats using standard laboratory procedures. K. pinnata extract showed significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities, with the most at 400 mg/kg, evidenced by a decrease in the TC, TG, and LDLC serum levels with a corresponding increase in the HDLC serum level for anti-hyperlipidemia. An increase in the GSH, GST, GPx, catalase, and SOD levels was observed with a corresponding decrease in MDA serum levels in the experimental rats. Although myoglobin, troponin, and CK are not acutely evaluated for myocardial infarction, they can be used for deduction on biochemical disorders. The serum concentrations of myoglobin, CK, and troponin were decreased on administration of K. pinnata when compared to the control groups. The findings of this study suggest that K. pinnata could be used as a raw material for the medicinal treatment of cardiovascular diseases and as an antioxidant source.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry
Investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Dioclea reflexa seeds on antioxidant defense, lipid profile, liver and kidney peroxidation in adult male Wistar rats
Abstract. Adegbesan BO, Ezima EN, Adefuye AO, Osonuga IO. 2024. Investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Dioclea reflexa seeds on antioxidant defense, lipid profile, liver and kidney peroxidation in adult male Wistar rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 89-97. Several synthetic agents have been developed to combat oxidative stress associated with degenerative diseases, but factors including high cost, side effects, and lack of availability pose major setbacks in achieving the desired goal. Thus, it is therefore of utmost importance to explore the use of natural products that are less expensive and abundant in many plant sources to circumvent the alarming rates of these diseases. This study assessed the phytochemical content, the antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of Dioclea reflexa (Hook.f.) C.Wright seeds, and the e?ects of the extract on the lipid profile, liver, and kidney peroxidative systems of adult male Wistar rats. Therefore, 32 matured male Wistar rats (160-180) g were divided randomly into four treatment groups containing eight (8) rats each. Animals in the normal control group were treated with diluted ethanol, while those in the other three groups received an ethanolic seed extract of D. reflexa, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg, respectively. After two weeks of experimental study, the animals were allowed to fast overnight before sacrifice. After that, their whole blood, kidney, and liver tissues were taken for further analysis. Assays for lipid peroxidation (liver and kidney), antioxidants, and serum lipid profile were evaluated. Our results revealed that D. reflexa seeds ethanolic extract contains considerable amounts of phytochemicals; signi?cantly possesses antioxidant activities, repressed LDL and total cholesterol levels with a concomitant increase in HDL levels in Wistar rats; significantly reduced liver and lipid peroxidative damage, especially at 10 and 15 mg/kg doses relative to the control rats. This study suggests that the seeds of D. reflexa possess antioxidative, HDL level raising, and non-HDL cholesterol lowering activities and thus may be useful in the management of lipid-associated disorders as well as hepatic and renal malfunctions.
Bioactive compounds of seven seagrass species from the Western Indian Ocean identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Abstract. Maganga PY, Mbusi LD, Hamisi MI, Mgina CA, Lyimo TJ. 2024. Bioactive compounds of seven seagrass species from the Western Indian Ocean identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 74-91. Seven seagrass species from the coast of Tanzania, namely Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia hemprichii, and Thalassodendron ciliatum, were previously reported to have antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. This study presents the results of quantitative analysis of the phytocompound composition of hexane extracts of these seagrass species using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique. Overall, 24 known biologically active phytocompounds were revealed, with commonly found compounds being steroids, namely stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol acetate and 3? sitosterol acetate. On the other hand, 3?-cholest-5-en-3-ol tetradecanoate was found only in C. rotundata and T. ciliatum. Hydrocarbons (1-nonadecene and tetracosane) and a diterpene (phytol acetate) were found only in H. uninervis and T. ciliatum. In addition, pentadecanal and n-hexadecanoic acid were found in C. rotundata and T. hemprichii, respectively, while heneicosane and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester were found in T. ciliatum only. Moreover, T. ciliatum was found to contain more compounds than other seagrass species. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of fourteen compounds from seagrass species. All seven seagrass species are rich sources of phytocompounds with various pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities.
Antibacterial activities of combinations of areca nuts (Areca catechu), cardamon seeds (Amomum compactum), and green betel leaves (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract. Prasetya AA, Etikawati N, Susilowati A. 2024. Antibacterial activities of combinations of areca nuts (Areca catechu), cardamon seeds (Amomum compactum), and green betel leaves (Piper betle) ethanol extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 67-73. Areca nut (Areca catechu L.), Javanese cardamom seed (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton), and betel leaf (Piper betle L.) are well-known as the formulas for betel quid chewing in Indonesia. According to tradition, betel quid chewing can prevent tooth decay, gum diseases, and lousy breath. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of the single extract with various concentrations (10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 25 mg/mL) and combined extracts with ratios (1:1:1, 2:1:1, 1:2:1, and 1:1:2) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using the disc diffusion method based on EUCAST. Data was analyzed on the inhibition zones using one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple-range tests. The antibacterial activity of each ethanol extract has an optimal concentration of 20 mg/mL against S. aureus. The extracts of areca nut, betel leaves, and Javanese cardamom seed obtained inhibitory zone diameters of 8.70±0.570 mm, 7.50±0.395 mm, and 7.35±0.379 mm, respectively. The combinations of three extracts obtained inhibitory zone diameters of 9.60±0.379 mm and 9.90±0.675 mm in 1:1:1 and 2:1:1 ratios, demonstrating a significant effect of the inhibition zone (p<0.05) compared to other ratio combinations and single extracts. These combinations of extracts also show a synergistic effect against S. aureus.
Solanum anomalum leaf extract mitigated doxorubicin-induced kidney toxicity and oxidative stress in male rats
Abstract. Okokon JE, Onunkun JA, Anagboso MO, Udobang JA. 2024. Solanum anomalum leaf extract mitigated doxorubicin-induced kidney toxicity and oxidative stress in male rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 59-66. Solanum anomalum Thonn. ex Schumach (family Solanaceae) is a shrub whose leaves are used locally to treat various diseases. Evaluation of the antidotal activity of leaf extract of S. anomalum was carried out to ascertain its uses in traditional medicine. The leaf extract (70-210 mg/kg) of S. anomalum was investigated for nephroprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced kidney toxicity in rats. Kidney function parameters, kidney histology, and kidney oxidative stress markers were used to assess the kidney protective effect of the extract. The leaf extract (70-210 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05-0.01) reduced the levels of creatinine, urea, and electrolytes that were elevated by doxorubicin. Also, the MDA level elevated by doxorubicin was reduced by the extract co-administration, while the levels of GSH, GST, SOD, GPx, and CAT that were decreased by doxorubicin were significantly (p<0.01) elevated by the leaf extract. Histology of the kidney sections of extract-treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the organotoxic-treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations, suggesting marked nephroprotective potential. The anti-toxic effect of this plant may, in part, be mediated through the plant's chemical constituents. S. anomalum possesses anti-toxicant properties that can be exploited in treating doxorubicin-related toxicities.
Hippocratea africana root extract and fractions ameliorated carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and kidney injuries in rats
Abstract. Noah K, Edem UA, Iyanyi UL, Ajaghaku DL, Okokon JE. 2024. Hippocratea africana root extract and fractions ameliorated carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and kidney injuries in rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 51-58. A common cause of renal failure with potential side effects is drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Renal damage in experiments is frequently induced chemically using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a well-known environmental contaminant with nephrotoxic effects. Intoxicated animals to CCl4 experience experimental oxidative stress in various physiological conditions that promote peroxidative degeneration in different tissues by binding to lipids, proteins, and DNA. The root of Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. was investigated to confirm its nephron-protective potential in CCl4-induced kidney injury in rats. The root extract at the concentrations range of 200-600 mg/kg and its fractions, dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous at the concentration of 400 mg/kg, was evaluated concerning the kidney damage in the rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (1.5 mL/kg). The anti-oxidative stress and reno-protective potentials of root extract and fractions in rats were determined by observing histological alterations, parameters of kidney function, and oxidative stress markers. The administration of root extract and fractions caused a significant (p < 0.05-0.001) increase in oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, SOD, and GSH) in the kidney, while the MDA level was decreased. The root extract/fractions also caused a significant (p<0.05-0.001) reduction in serum levels of creatinine, urea, and electrolytes in the rats significantly (p<0.05). The kidney histology of the rats treated with H. africana extract showed fewer abnormal characteristics than the organotoxic group. The findings demonstrated that the H. africana root extract and fractions could preserve the nephron and prevent oxidative stress. They also prevented CCl4-induced renal damage in rats, possibly due to the phytochemical content with antioxidant properties.
Ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) effects on reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats
Abstract. Ejeh SA, Abu HA, Onyeyili PA, Abenga JN, Abalaka SE, Enefe NG, Eugiene I. 2024. Ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) effects on reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 35-42. Diabetes and some of its treatment agents reportedly induce male reproductive dysfunction in male Wistar rats. Therefore, the study investigated the therapeutic effects of ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. on diabetic male Wistar rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were used, and 50 mg/kg freshly prepared streptozotocin in cool citrate buffer single intraperitoneal injection was used to induce diabetes mellitus. The rats were grouped into 5 of 5 rats each. Group 1 was normal + distilled water; group II was diabetic untreated; group III was diabetic + 100 mg/kg metformin HCl; and IV and V rats were diabetic and received 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract orally, respectively. Treatment was done for 28 days; after that, reproductive parameters such as extrapyramidal sperm parameters (sperm motility, count, concentrations, viability, morphology, and acrosome integrity) and hormonal assay (FSH, LH, and Testosterone) were evaluated using a standard protocol. Testicular and epididymal histopathological changes were analyzed using standard procedure. The results revealed a marked impairment in all the parameters evaluated in the untreated diabetic group. However, groups exposed to the ethanol leaf extract of A. cordifolia recorded a significant (p <0.05) improvement in the above-mentioned reproductive parameters, including the restorations of the collapsed epididymal tubules observed in the diabetic untreated group. Therefore, the ethanol leaf extract of A. cordifolia can potentially facilitate and restore reproductive dysfunctions associated with diabetes mellitus complications, hence a possible alternative to synthetic antidiabetic agents.
Ethnomedicine, improved traditional medicine from Cocos nucifera water and evaluation of antibacterial activity on four bacterial strains in Center, Cameroon
Abstract. Lamy GML, Likeng JLN, Ndjib RC, Ndounga SEN, Elomo LB, Mbuh SM, Nnanga LS, Mahama, Biyon JBN, Harmsen K, Nga EN, Tchinda AT. 2024. Ethnomedicine, improved traditional medicine from Cocos nucifera water and evaluation of antibacterial activity on four bacterial strains in Center, Cameroon. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 27-34. In 2017, the WHO published its first list of “priority pathogens” resistant to antibiotics to combat growing antimicrobial resistance globally. These include bacteria that are multi-resistant to several antibiotics (Acinetobacter, Escherichia, etc.) and others (Salmonella, Shigella, etc.). Currently, research is focused on new antibiotics and medicinal plants are among the favored natural resources. Worldwide, Cocos nucifera water (Arecaceae) or coconut water, is traditionally reported to fight bacterial diseases. Unfortunately, information is lacking on its antibacterial potential in Center, Cameroon. The aim is to determine the traditional antibacterial uses of this water in Central, Cameroon. Then, transform this water into Improved Traditional Medicine (ITM). Finally, evaluate the antibacterial activity of ITM on 4 bacterial strains following the respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 0.015 and 0.25 µg/mL. The methods were ethnomedicinal surveys, the pre-formulation protocol of medicinal syrup, and sensitivity tests in liquid and solid media. Therefore, 76 informants belonging to several ethnolinguistic groups participated. Women (55.27%) exceed men (44.73%) traditionally used coconut water more to treat digestive disorders (stomachache and constipation). An antibacterial ITM named Coco Water Cure (CWC) was manufactured. The more sensitive Salmonella enteritidis and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria with CWC had an MIC of 0.25 µL/mL, respectively. In conclusion, coconut water containing actives compounds such as lauric acid is eligible among the natural antibiotic resources from Center, Cameroon.
Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice
Abstract. Ngemenya MN, Itoe LO, Awah LA, Asongana R, Ndip RA. 2024. Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella, toxicity and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in mice. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 43-50. The emergence of multidrug resistance has significantly compromised the treatment of Salmonella infections. The anti-Salmonella activity, toxicity, and biochemical effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf crude extracts were studied by disc diffusion and microdilution against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) strains. Cytotoxicity was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLCMK2) and acute toxicity in BALB/c mice. Both hexane (MOHEX) and methanol (MOMET) extracts produced small zones of inhibition of 8mm at 1 mg and 2 mg per disc, indicating weak activity, but the minimum inhibitory concentration showed high (0.0625 mg/mL) to low activity (10 mg/mL) activity. No minimum bactericidal concentration was recorded at the concentrations tested. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for methanol and hexane extracts were 2524 µg/mL and 5004 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a low risk of toxicity. No mortality or adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. Both extracts had no significant effects (p < 0.05) on renal function and one liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase), but MOMET significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.04), suggesting possible liver toxicity. The study shows that M. oleifera leaves possess bacteriostatic activity against multidrug-resistant Salmonella and are non-toxic; hence, it is a potential alternative treatment against multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Further studies of fractions and pure natural products of the extracts should be pursued.
Medicinal plants used in the management of cancer and other diseases in Swat District, Pakistan
Abstract. Ali S, Munazir M. 2024. Medicinal?plants used?in the management of?cancer?and other diseases in Swat District, Pakistan. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 8-18. The provision of healthcare in impoverished nations is significantly influenced by traditional medicine. It has been revealed that many cancer patients use traditional medicine, either as a complementary therapy or as a primary treatment. Among noncontagious infections, cancer is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to determine the plants that people in the Swat regions, Pakistan used to treat cancer through traditional medicine. Interviewing consenting individuals about the ethno-medicinal plants they use to treat cancer was done using a structured questionnaire. Also, an assessment of the literature published on the mentioned plants was done. Questions about plants used to cure cancer, parts of plants used, the form of cancer cured, therapeutic applications of the plants, and the preparation and administration of the plant parts were posed to the practitioners and the locals. About 12 plants in all, comprising five herbs, three climbers, three trees, and one shrub, were used to treat cancer. About 50% of plants contain flavonoids, compounds with various anticancer properties. Fruits accounted for 41% of all the parts used in the documented species, with leaves coming in second at 25%, bark at 17%, roots at 17%, and the entire plant at 8%. However, the highest RFC was shown by Vitis vinifera L. (0.56), the lowest was shown by Viola biflora L. (0.03), while the highest FL was shown by Hedera nepalensis K.Koch (83), and the lowest was shown by V. biflora (30). According to the study, the gathered plants were used to treat a variety of malignancies: general tumors were treated by 75% of the plants, breast cancer was treated by 17%, and lung cancer was treated by 8%. The reported uses of the medicinal plants from prior ethno-pharmacological studies conducted in Swat regions align well with the traditional uses of the plants mentioned in this study. Therefore, if sufficiently investigated, the Swat district's indigenous herbs used to treat cancer may play key roles in searching for and creating anticancer medications.
Hesperidin and quercetin modulate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in male rats
Abstract. Ekpo GI, Eteng OE, Ekam VS, Onyemaizu MU, Ofonime N, Blessing OE, Uduak OL, Robert AE, Ufot S, Eyong U. 2024. Hesperidin and quercetin modulate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 19-26. Quercetin and hesperidin are bioactive chemicals that have shown considerable promise in both conventional and herbal medicine due to their significant impact on treating various human diseases. Oxidative stress is linked to the etiology of many liver disorders. Quercetin-containing foods and fruits include kales, onions, berries, apples, cherries, and other citrus fruits like grapefruit, oranges, lemons, and mandarins. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential therapeutic benefits of quercetin and hesperidin on oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity using male rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A total of (30) male rats weighing 160-180 g were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). For twenty-one days, rats were gavaged with quercetin and hesperidin (2.4 and 2.4 mg/kg each) after being exposed to CCl4 (0.5 mg/kg). Samples were taken to evaluate several biochemical markers. Nitric oxide (NO), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Malonialdehyde (MDA) levels were assayed for oxidative damage. The enzymes alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were estimated to represent liver function. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated for antioxidants, and histopathology was also assessed. CCl4 increased significantly (P <0.05) the concentration of MDA, NO, H2O2, SOD, CAT, GPX, GSH, and also, the activities of ALT, ALP, and AST in serum. Following treatment with quercetin and hesperidin, significantly (P <0.05) reduced MDA, NO, H202, ALT, AST, and ALP activities and modified SOD, CAT, GPX, GSH, in rats substantially (P <0.05). Hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was protected by quercetin and hesperidin treatment. This study concludes that by recovering from ROS-mediated oxidative stress, the injection of quercetin and hesperidin helps to offset the damage that CCl4-induced hepato-renal ailments generate. Hence, quercetin and hesperidin supplements may be recommended as an adjunctive natural therapy because they can scavenge free radicals and prevent hepato-renal damage.
Phytochemical and proximate compositions of frond extracts of Nephrolepis biserrata, Phymatosorus scolopendria, and Microgramma mauritiana in Rivers State University, Nigeria
Abstract. Ibiye A, Green BO, Ajuru MG, Chikere LC. 2024. Phytochemical and proximate compositions of frond extracts of Nephrolepis biserrata, Phymatosorus scolopendria, and Microgramma mauritiana in Rivers State University, Nigeria. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 1-7. Pteridophytes have a great range of forms and are cosmopolitan in distribution. There are about 13,500 species of fern and allies distributed throughout the world. This research was carried out to investigate the phytochemical and proximate compositions of three species of ferns growing at Rivers State University, Nigeria. The three fern species were Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Desv., Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.fil.) Pic.Serm., and Microgramma mauritiana (Willd.) Tardieu. The phytochemical and proximate composition analyses were done using standard procedures. Results from the phytochemical analysis showed that glycoside was the highest content in the three ferns, that is, P. scolopendria (17.24%), N. biserrata (14.47%), M. mauritiana (12.8%), followed by alkaloid in M. mauritiana (7.18%), N. biserrata (6.10%), P. scolopendria (4.42%). Phenol content in M. mauritiana, P. scolopendria, and N. biserrata were 4.09%, 2.17%, and 1.33%, respectively. Flavonoid content in N. biserrata, P. scolopendria, and M. mauritiana were 3.16%, 2.87%, and 2.43%, respectively. Saponin content in P. scolopendria, M. mauritiana, and N. biserrata were 1.65%, 1.35%, and 1.29%, respectively. Tannins content in P. scolopendria, M. mauritiana, and N. biserrata were 2.54%, 1.91%, and 0.98%, respectively. Results from proximate analysis showed that the highest moisture content was in M. mauritiana (53.39%), followed by P. scolopendria (50.78%) and N. biserrata (44.58%). The lowest content in the frond extracts was ash, with the values of M. mauritiana (0.84%), N. biserrata (0.83%), and P. scolopendria (0.73%). The results of the phytochemical and proximate evaluation of the species studied indicated that they are nutritionally and medicinally important, and their consumption can provide essential nutrients humans need.
Anticancer activity of secondary metabolite isolated from the rhizospheric fungus Fusarium oxysporum isolate-ABRF1, 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester
Abstract. Sahu MK, Suthakaran S, Ghosh SC, Singh D, Das A, Jha H. 2023. Anticancer activity of secondary metabolite isolated from the rhizospheric fungus Fusarium oxysporum isolate-ABRF1, 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 88-100. The rhizospheric fungus Fusarium oxysporum ABRF1 from the Achanakmar Biosphere Reserve, Chhattisgarh, India, was evaluated for its anticancer potency using various cellular and molecular assays. A differential cytotoxic profile of the different fractions of the ABRF1 isolate was observed against various cancer cell lines. DNA fragmentation analysis revealed the aqueous and toluene fractions were effective and correlated well with apoptotic gene expression in several breast cancer cells. The fractions showed markedly increased expression of pro-apoptotic protein markers – BAX and cleaved caspase 3 in the breast cancer cells. Structural and functional characterization of potential secondary metabolite from the fungal isolate ABRF1 was carried out using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance that characterized as 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the anticancer property were confirmed by molecular docking analysis of 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester, and positive controls such as Doxorubicin and Noscapine. The results showed an efficient binding with molecular targets such as protein kinases (EphA2) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers (Vimentin) in breast cancer cells. The active metabolite 2-propenoic acid, pentadecyl ester, has a potential anticancer property that needs to be taken further for in vivo studies and drug development in the future.
Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Abstract. Ayo VI, Adondua MA, Morayo AE, Ekele JU, Amilo D, Ochuele DA, Ayantse LM, Barrah C, Abdulsalam IO, Eya SB, Iheanacho CC, Tibile ST, Mohammed RI, Barde CE. 2023. Effect of Lactuca sativa supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407 induced hyperlipidemic albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 67-78. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have primarily contributed to the global disease burden. They represent the leading cause of mortality and healthcare expenditures in developed and third-world nations, responsible for approximately 30 percent of global deaths and 10 percent of global diseases annually. This study investigated the effects of a Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) supplemented diet on Poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic albino rats. Twenty-four (24) rats were grouped into six groups of treatments, i.e., four rats in each treatment. Treatments applied in this study were: control treatment (feed and water only), a P-407 induced without Atorvastatin, a P-407 induced treated with Atorvastatin, and P-407 induced with 10%, 30%, and 50% L. sativa supplemented diet. P407 was administered intraperitoneally at 1000 mg/kg body weight. Body weight was measured every three days for 14 days. Blood sample collection was carried out for the analysis of lipid profiles (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Triacylglycerides (TAG), and Total Cholesterol (TC)) and liver function parameters (ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, TP, ALB and GLB). The liver and brain tissues were analyzed for lipid peroxidation levels. Results showed that induction of P407 resulted in a higher body weight gain (p<0.05) compared to other treatments. The treatment groups other than the P-407 treatment showed a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TAG), and LDL cholesterol levels and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol. The TC, TAG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels in treating P-407 with a 50% L. sativa-supplemented diet did not differ (P>0.05) compared to the control treatment. The atherogenic risk prediction indices indicated a decreased risk in the treated groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet. Furthermore, liver function parameters were better in the treatment groups with Atorvastatin or L. sativa-supplemented diet, including decreased liver function parameters and increased total protein, albumin, and globulin levels. The L. sativa-supplemented diet also exhibited anti-lipid peroxidation activity, as indicated by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In conclusion, the L. sativa-supplemented diet had hypolipidemic effects, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, and hepatoprotective effects, suggesting its potential as an antihyperlipidemic agent.
Effectiveness of Passiflora foetida (Baby Semitoo) and Ocimum campechianum extracts (Married Man Pork) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Abstract. Scott S, Daniel R, Kalicharran L. 2023. Effectiveness of Passiflora foetida (Baby Semitoo) and Ocimum campechianum extracts (Married Man Pork) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 79-87. Medicinal plants have long been used to treat illnesses. They contain many secondary metabolites, which have antibiotic properties, and can treat antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals in Passiflora foetida L. (Baby Semitoo) and Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Married Man Pork) and to analyze the antimicrobial potential against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plant extracts were prepared using hexane, methanol, and water, with a rotary evaporator. The extracts were tested using zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) methods. The extract of O. campechianum produced the highest percent yield for each solvent, while methanol produced the highest yield of all solvents. The results of the phytochemical test showed that, O. campechianum contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and phenols; while flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins were found in P. foetida extract. Similarly, O. campechianum also showed higher antimicrobial potential than P. foetida. The P. aeruginosa proved more susceptible than K. pneumoniae to both plants.
Medicinal syrup for children from the association of significant parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants from the Centre, Cameroon
Abstract. Lamy GML, Nnanga LS, Mahama, Ossongo AF, Elomo LB, Tagne RS, Mbo JA, Likeng JLN, Nga EN, Harmsen K. 2023. Medicinal syrup for children from the association of significant parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants from the Centre, Cameroon. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 58-66. In Africa, Improved Traditional Medication (ITM) has been promoted since 1970 and classified into four categories. The import-substitution policy under the "Made in Cameroon" label encourages local production. Globally, there is an urgent need for anti-COVID-19 drugs, especially for children. The mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 can be attenuated by combination therapy of the parts of anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants. A plant has several parts whose therapeutic properties generally differ. From 2020 to 2022, the most cited anti-COVID-19 plants in the literature were Allium sativum L., Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm.fil., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Unfortunately, a gap exists in the names of the significant parts of these plants. For example, were the barks, leaves, roots, or flowers used? In addition, the significant association of said plants and the majority of traditional preparation methods are not specified. The objective was to determine the significant parts of 4 anti-COVID plants, their significant association, and the majority traditional method of preparation allowing the pre-formulation of an infant anti-COVID ITM syrup. An ethnomedicinal survey, ANOVA, and the pre-formulation protocol of a medicated syrup were used. Altogether, 180 informants from several ethnic groups participated. The bulb and rhizome parts for A. sativum and Z. officinal showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between plants. The leaves and fruits of C. citratus and C. limon showed a highly significant difference (P<0.000) between plants. The association of four significant plants and infusion, the majority traditional mode of preparation, allowed the pre-formulation of the infant syrup named COVID-Med, an ITM category 2. The bulbs, rhizomes, leaves, and fruits were significant parts of A. sativum, Z. officinale, C. citratus, and C. limon.
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In vitro evaluation of antifungal potential of selected plant species against Fusarium solani
Abstract. Pant D, Tapwal A, Tiwari B, Thakur JS. 2023. In vitro evaluation of antifungal potential of selected plant species against Fusarium solani. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21 (2): 51-57. The hazardous effect of synthetic fungicides is a major concern. Therefore, the development of safe and eco-friendly fungicides is momentarily imperative. The Himalaya is considered a rich repository of floristic diversity, endowed with several medicinally important plant species exhibiting antimicrobial potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-mycotic potential of five selected Himalayan plant species viz. Berberis lycium Royle, Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Valeriana jatamansi Jones, Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob. and Polystichum squarrosum (D. Don) Fee by poisoned food technique against Fusarium solani which is considered as one of the major causes of Shisham. Crude extract of B. lycium exhibited maximum growth inhibition (51.58%) of F. solani, followed by Z. armatum (21.94%) and V. jatamansi (21.45%). However, the inhibitory effect of A. adenophora and P. squarrosum extracts on fungal growth was insignificant. Furthermore, the potentials of three solvents (aqueous, ethanol and acetone) were evaluated for the extraction of antimycotic phytochemicals from the leaf of B. lycium and ethanol was found to be comparatively more effective. Phytochemical analysis of a crude extract of B. lycium revealed the presence of different groups of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics and tannins. Thus, the presence of diverse groups of phytochemicals in B. lycium makes it more effective in controlling the growth of F. solani and can be used in the development of eco-friendly fungicides.
Comparative evaluation of cassava composite flours and bread
Abstract. Abu MS. 2023. Comparative evaluation of cassava composite flours and bread. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 21: 13-17. Wheat imports into Nigeria have a high monetary value of NGN 635 billion annually. The recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) trade report shows that Nigeria has spent NGN 258.3 billion on wheat imports in the first three months of 2021, despite the government continuing to encourage local production, such as composite flour. Composite flour combines several flours from roots, tubers, cereals, and legumes with or without adding wheat flour. This study evaluated the functional properties of composite flour produced from potato, cassava, and soybean and the effect of fortification on microbial growth on the produced bread. The flour variations were prepared at 50: 50 (%w/w), then the proximate composition, mineral contents, and functional properties were analyzed. The composite flour comprises WCF = 400 g wheat flour + 400 g cassava flour. CPF = 400 g of cassava + 400 g of sweet potatoes. CSF = 400 g of cassava + 400 g of soybean. The dry ingredients for making dough were 800 g of flours/composite flours, 100 g of butter, 100 g of sugar, and 5 g of yeast thoroughly mixed with warm water to obtain the dough. Exactly 110 g of the dough was placed in the baking pan and kept at room temperature for 20 minutes to ripe. The ripe dough was baked in the oven for 15 minutes. The bread was allowed to cool for further analysis, including the sensory evaluation and the microbial load of the finished products. Bread production uses CP, CS, WC flours, whole wheat, and cassava flours. The Swelling Capacity (SWC) showed that the Wheat Flour (WF) (11.00 ± 1%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than Cassava Flour (CF) (6.33 ± 0.58%) and Cassava-Soybean Flour (CSF) (6.67 ± 0.58%). On the other hand, Water Absorption Capacity (WAC) revealed that the Wheat Flour (WF) (1.74 ± 0.24 g H2O/g flour) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than CF (2.10 ± 0.08 g H2O/g flour) and Cassava-Potato Flour (CPF) (2.16 ± 0.07 g H2O/g flour). The Oil Absorption Capacity (OAC) showed that wheat flour (WF) (1.80 ± 0.15 g oil/g flour) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than CF (2.41 ± 0.07 g H2O/g oil), CPF (2.21 ± 0.81 g oil/g flour) and CSF (2.15 ± 0.10 g oil/g flour). The microbial density was higher on the Wheat-Flour Bread, WFB, followed by cassava flour bread, CFB. There was a lower microbial growth in cassava-potato flour bread, CPFB. The functional properties and the sensory evaluation of the composite flour bread indicated substantial feasibility of using legume/tuber composite flours in bread production.