Nusantara Bioscience (Nusantara Biosci) encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects of biological sciences that emphasize issues germane to biological and nature conservation.
Bamboo diversity, ecological structure, and utilization in the riparian ecosystem of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Aprilia FN, Ardhyanti FAK, Prabowo GAS, Paramesti H, Aszar AS, Yap CK, Setyawan AD. 2025. Bamboo diversity, ecological structure, and utilization in the riparian ecosystem of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 259-276. Bamboo plays an important ecological and socio-economic role in tropical riparian landscapes, yet its spatial structure and environmental determinants remain poorly quantified. This study analyzed the diversity, composition, ecological dominance, and utilization of bamboo communities along the upstream–midstream–downstream gradient of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Field surveys recorded five species—Bambusa spinosa, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa apus, G. atter, and G. atroviolacea—distributed unevenly across riparian zones. Diversity, species richness, and structural heterogeneity increased downstream, shifting from monodominant B. spinosa stands upstream to multi-species Gigantochloa assemblages in lowland alluvial areas. Importance Value Index (IVI) patterns revealed strong environmental filtering in the upstream zone, mixed natural–managed dominance midstream, and cultivation-enhanced coexistence downstream. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil moisture, canopy openness, and soil pH were the strongest predictors of diversity, whereas species dominance was shaped primarily by ecological traits and management intensity. Utilization patterns reflected a biocultural continuum, with D. asper and Gigantochloa spp. providing multipurpose materials for construction, food, handicrafts, and cultural practices, while B. spinosa served chiefly as an ecological stabilizer in upland slopes. The riparian bamboo system represents a socio-ecological mosaic shaped by hydrological gradients and community management. These findings highlight bamboo’s potential as a nature-based solution for riparian stabilization, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support. Strengthening integrated, community-based bamboo management could enhance ecological resilience and sustainable riverine landscape governance in tropical regions.
Fatty acid profile of Chlorella sorokiniana InaCC M38 grown in tofu wastewater for biofuel potential
Abstract. Susanty D, Safitri LN, Hutagaol RP, Oksari AA, Nurlela. 2025. Fatty acid profile of Chlorella sorokiniana InaCC M38 grown in tofu wastewater for biofuel potential. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 226-234. Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira & Krauss, 1965 is a microalgae that can grow in tofu liquid waste medium by utilizing the nutrients in the waste in the form of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). This research aims to determine the lipid content and fatty acid compounds contained in C. sorokiniana cultured in 25, 30, and 35% Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) medium using two extraction methods. In this study, the growth of C. sorokiniana on TLW medium was determined by calculating the cell density of C. sorokiniana using a hemocytometer, and the biomass was collected by centrifuging. Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated for seven days. Lipid extraction was performed using maceration and a combined ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)–maceration method. Biomass and lipid yields, as well as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles, were analyzed using GC–MS. Chlorella sorokiniana grows well on 30% TLW medium with a dry biomass weight of 0.45 g/L on day 7; extraction using the combined method extracted more fatty acid compounds than the maceration method. Lipid yield using the extraction by combined extraction method had more excellent results (4.61%) than the maceration method (3.82%). The fatty acid composition of C. sorokiniana extracted by combination extraction consists of 11 types of Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), two types of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA), and two types of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA). The Saturated fatty acid most commonly contained in C. sorokiniana was palmitic acid, which could be applied as biodiesel. Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in 30% TLW has a higher percentage of SFA (56.58%) with less PUFA, making it more potential for biodiesel.
Effect of temperature on rice (Oryza sativa) seedling disease incidence and severity in Bangladesh
Abstract. Rubayet MT, Prodhan F, Mamun MAA, Kader MA, Hossain MM, Masum MMI, Hoque MZ, Rahman MM, Biswas JC. 2025. Effect of temperature on rice (Oryza sativa) seedling disease incidence and severity in Bangladesh. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 235-242. Seedling diseases are strongly influenced by temperature and cultivation environment, posing serious challenges to rice production under changing climates. To investigate these effects, two simultaneous experiments were conducted in Bangladesh, at Rangpur (25.6962°N, 89.2676°E) and Gazipur (24.0361°N, 90.3963°E) using BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 under open-field and polythene-covered conditions. Seedling emergence was consistently higher in polythene-covered plots, suggesting improved establishment in warmer microclimates. Three major diseases were detected across sites: bakanae (Fusarium moniliforme), blast (Pyricularia oryzae), and brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae). Varietal and environmental interactions were evident, with BRRI dhan29 showing greater susceptibility to bakanae in open-field conditions, while BRRI dhan28 was more prone to blast. Brown spot severity showed no significant differences between locations, indicating a lesser influence of variety and microclimate. Physiological observations revealed that healthy seedlings exhibited higher chlorophyll content (Soil Plant Analysis Development/SPAD values), whereas bakanae-infected seedlings displayed abnormal elongation relative to healthy plants. These results demonstrate that temperature and cultivation environment exert significant effects on rice seedling health, and that varietal responses differ according to disease type. Findings underscore the need for integrating varietal resistance and environment-specific management strategies to mitigate seedling disease risks in the context of climate change.
Dengue virus and Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract. Ajayi BB, Olaitan KS, Owoyomi OF, Oni SE, Akinlabi AM, Aro EO, Ogbolu DO. 2025. Dengue virus and Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 253-258. Dengue and malaria are major co-endemic vector-borne diseases in Nigeria, presenting significant diagnostic challenges due to their overlapping clinical symptoms. In settings where malaria is hyperendemic, febrile illnesses are often presumptively treated as malaria, potentially leading to the misdiagnosis of other pathogens like dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of DENV infection and the prevalence of DENV/Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2024, involving 250 febrile patients from selected healthcare facilities. Blood samples were analyzed using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium antigens and for DENV-specific Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected via structured questionnaires. The prevalence of malaria was high at 53.6% (134/250), consistent with the region's hyperendemic status. Evidence of recent DENV infection (IgM positive) was found in 0.8% (2/250) of patients, while 6.4% (16/250) were IgG positive, indicating past exposure. Concurrent infection was detected in 0.8% (2/250) of patients for Malaria/DENV IgM and 3.2% (8/250) for Malaria/DENV IgG. Both malaria and DENV IgG seropositivity were significantly associated with age (p<0.05). This study confirms the endemic circulation of DENV in Osun State and highlights its contribution to the burden of non-malarial febrile illness. These findings underscore the critical need to revise existing diagnostic algorithms and integrate DENV surveillance into public health frameworks to mitigate misdiagnosis and improve patient outcomes.
Morphological characterization and correlation of seed, fruit, and seedling of Horsfieldia iryaghedhi
Abstract. Ekasari I, Sahromi, Wardhani PK. 2025. Morphological characterization and correlation of seed, fruit, and seedling of Horsfieldia iryaghedhi. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 218-225. Horsfieldia iryaghedhi is a critically endangered species from the Myristicaceae family. Examining seed, fruit, and seedling morphology of the species is crucial, as generative propagation remains the only known conservation method. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the morphological characterization of the seed, fruit, and seedling of H. iryaghedhi and to analyse the correlation between seed, fruit, and seedling traits. This study was conducted at the Bogor Botanical Garden, utilizing five plant collections. The examined morphological traits included length, width, and weight of the seed, as well as fruit height, root collar diameter, and the number of leaves for the seedling. The results showed that the length, width, and weight of the fruit were 39.64±2.48 mm, 30.04±1.98 mm, and 20.33±3.60 g, respectively. Overall, the correlation between seed and fruit parameters indicates that one trait influences the other. The low variability in fruit and seed traits, despite being obtained from mother trees of different origins, has implications for the species' genetic diversity. The mean for seedling height is 106.74±32.78 cm, and the mean of collar diameter is 1.27±0.64 mm. Height and root collar diameter seedling traits were found to be closely related in 24-month-old seedlings. Understanding the ecology of seedling growth is essential for developing developmental strategies to conserve biodiversity and restore natural habitats. In conclusion, the variability in fruit and seed traits is exhibited by plants obtained from mother trees of different origins. The trees in the Bogor Botanical Gardens study site are mother trees, and this is extremely important for the future sustainable population of this species.
Effect of light and media composition on growth and stomatal density of Phalaenopsis amboinensis
Abstract. Nugraha MA, Puspitaningtyas DM, Haryanto. 2025. Effect of light and media composition on growth and stomatal density of Phalaenopsis amboinensis. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 243-252. Phalaenopsis amboinensis J.J.Sm. is an endangered orchid species endemic to Indonesia, valued for both its conservation significance and horticultural potential. However, limited natural populations and slow propagation rates hinder sustainable conservation efforts. This study investigated the combined effects of culture media composition and light conditions on the in vitro growth, chlorophyll content, and stomatal density of P. amboinensis plantlets. A factorial experiment was conducted using nine media formulations under light and dark conditions. Significant interactions between media and light treatments were observed across all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The KC EO2 medium, containing 2 g/L KC, 40 g/L potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) extract, 2 g/L peptone, and MS vitamins under light, produced the most vigorous vegetative growth (5.40 ± 2.50 leaves, 1.44 ± 0.31 cm leaf length, 2.00 ± 0.82 roots, and 1.89 ± 0.45 cm root length). In contrast, the KC EO3 medium with 2 g/L KC, 150 g/L mung bean sprout (Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek) extract, and 150 mL/L young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) under light yielded the highest chlorophyll a content (0.695 ± 0.113 mg/g fresh weight) and stomatal density (77.57 ± 2.72 stomata/mm²). Control plantlets cultured without organic supplements under dark conditions showed poor growth and negligible chlorophyll accumulation. These findings demonstrate that organic-enriched media, especially when combined with light exposure, significantly enhance physiological and morphological development in vitro. The optimized culture conditions offer a practical and scalable protocol for ex situ conservation and commercial propagation of P. amboinensis, supporting the preservation and sustainable use of this rare orchid species.
Destructive sampling-based allometric equations for biomass and carbon estimation in Acacia hybrid plantations in Southeastern Vietnam
Abstract. Ha NT, Bao TQ, Tuan NT, Rodríguez-Hernández DI, Dung NT, Ngoan TT. 2025. Destructive sampling-based allometric equations for biomass and carbon estimation in Acacia hybrid plantations in Southeastern Vietnam. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 203-217. This study developed accurate allometric equations for estimating aboveground and belowground biomass, as well as carbon stocks, for Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) plantations in Southeastern, Vietnam. A dataset of 45 destructively sampled trees with varying ages and diameter classes was used to validate the models. The fresh biomass of the four tree components (stem, branches, leaves, and roots) was measured for a total of 180 samples. Samples were oven-dried at 105°C for stems and branches, and 80°C for leaves, to determine their biomass. Linear and non-linear equations were employed to model both individual tree and stand-level dry biomass (AGB: aboveground biomass, BGB: belowground biomass, TGBG: total biomass), and carbon stocks (AGC: aboveground carbon, BGC: belowground carbon, TGC: total carbon). Diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), stand density (SD), and stand age (A) were included as predictor variables. The best-fitting models were selected based on coefficients of determination (R²), sum of squared errors (SEE), mean absolute error (MAE), sum of squared residuals (SSR), correction factors (CF), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE), with R² values greater than 0.895 and RMSE values less than 0.363. The results revealed strong relationships between aboveground and belowground biomass, and logarithmic functions of DBH and tree height were found to be good predictors for all biomass components. The key equations are: ln(AGB) = -3.03805 + 0.586847*ln(DBH*H) + 1.58329*ln(DBH); ln(BGB) = -0.597955 + 0.485409*ln(DBH)2; ln(TGB) = -2.65453 + 2.11674*ln(DBH) + 0.57522*ln(H). Among the variables, DBH was found to be particularly effective in estimating BGB. At the stand level, total biomass (TSB) has a significant correlation with stand density, mean diameter, and stand height, as shown in the following equation: Ln(TSB) = -9.85561 + 1.09128*ln(SD) + 1.96789*ln(Ds) + 0.608831*ln(Hs). These models provide foresters with valuable tools for estimating biomass and carbon accumulation in Acacia hybrid plantations. The total carbon stock of the Acacia hybrid population in the study area ranged from 29.0 tons/ha to 313.3 tons/ha. This information can support carbon accounting efforts and contribute to Vietnam's initiatives for carbon reduction and climate change mitigation.
Effect of tannin and amino acid supplementation on growth, digestibility, and blood parameters in heifer calves
Abstract. Salsabila LN, Fitri A, Sitanggang FEM, Permana IG, Farida WR, Anzhany D, Ridwan R. 2025. Effect of tannin and amino acid supplementation on growth, digestibility, and blood parameters in heifer calves. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 194-201. Nutritional management during the growth phase of heifer calves is crucial for optimal performance and health. Tannins and amino acids have shown potential benefits in ruminant nutrition through improved protein utilization and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tannins (1% DM), amino acids (0.3% DL-methionine + 0.7% L-lysine), and their mixture on heifer calves' performance and metabolic indicators. To achieve the objective, a 4 × 4 Latin square design was used with 4 calves (109.00 ± 18.17 kg of body weight), each receiving 4 treatments in 4 periods. The treatment period lasted 14 days, including 10 days for diet adaptation and 4 days for sample collection. The basal diet was a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) consisting of 20 kg/d of forage and 2 kg/d of concentrate. Treatments included: P1 (control, TMR only), P2 (TMR + 1% dry matter intake (DMI) tannin), P3 (TMR + 1% DMI amino acids), and P4 (TMR + 1% DMI tannin and 1% DMI amino acids). The results showed that individual supplementation in P2 (0.66 kg/h/d) and P3 (0.73 kg/h/d) had higher Average Daily Gain (ADG) compared to P1 (0.54 kg/h/d) and P4 (0.41 kg/h/d) (p < 0.05). Feed efficiency in P2 (2.65%) and P3 (3.02%) is higher than in P1 (2.49%) and P4 (1.74%) (p < 0.05). Although nutrient intake did not differ, Crude Protein (CP) intake in the P1 (0.32 kg/day) was lower than in the P2 (0.44 kg/day), P3 (0.39 kg/day), and P4 (0.40 kg/day) (p < 0.05). Plasma protein and cholesterol levels were lower in the P1 (7.07 g/dL; 94.14 mg/dL) than those (7.46-7.62 g/dL; 125.98-149.85 mg/dL, respectively) (p < 0.05). Overall, supplementation of 1% DMI tannin or amino acids alone improved the performance without compromising hematological profiles and blood metabolites.
Stand structure, diversity, and carbon stock assessment of Lake Duluti Forest Reserve in Tanzania
Abstract. Mfinanga US, Mwakalukwa EE. 2025. Stand structure, diversity, and carbon stock assessment of Lake Duluti Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 185-193. For a successful conservation of biodiversity in a particular forest, assessment of its status and underlying threats is important. Estimation of carbon stocks locked up in the forest is also key in designing the required climate change mitigation options. However, there is limited information on the biodiversity status and carbon storage potential of many forest reserves in Tanzania. This study assessed the tree and shrub species diversity, composition, stand structure, and carbon stock potential of the Lake Duruti Forest Reserve (LDFR). Data were collected from 40 systematically established concentric plots (0.071 ha each) covering a total forest area of 26.24 ha. A total of 48 tree and shrub species were recorded, comprising both adult individuals (DBH ? 5 cm) and regenerants (DBH < 5 cm), representing 25 plant families. Adult individuals accounted for 42 species from 23 families, while regenerants included 22 species from 15 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H?) was 3.21 for adults and 2.80 for regenerants, indicating high species diversity. The mean stem density of adult trees was 197 ± 97 stems ha?¹, with a basal area of 16.27 ± 7.30 m² ha?¹. The estimated above-ground carbon stock was 79.24 ± 35.31 Mg C ha?¹, while below-ground carbon stock was 30.86 ± 12.77 Mg C ha?¹. The absence of visible anthropogenic disturbance suggests effective conservation measures are in place. These findings highlight the ecological stability and carbon sequestration potential of LDFR and highlight the need for strategic planning to enhance biodiversity conservation and carbon stock management.
Melatonin partly reverses differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia
Abstract. Liu X, Liu H, Qi Y, Zhang S, Ma Y. 2025. Melatonin partly reverses differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 178-184. Hypoxia, a condition characterized by a deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues, is a key feature of malignant solid tumors. Tumor cells under a hypoxic microenvironment exhibit more malignant phenotypes to adapt to the hypoxic environment for survival by regulating gene expression involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and also chemoresistance. Melatonin is a hormone that has been proven to induce apoptosis and differentiation in various types of malignant cells. The present study aims to investigate the role and potential molecular mechanism of melatonin in mediating chemical hypoxia-induced differentiation and apoptosis resistance. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was used to generate an in vitro hypoxia culture model, as verified by the increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1?. The cells treated with melatonin and CoCl2 were collected to determine differentiation and apoptosis levels through LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity measurement and Hoechst staining. GRP78, p53, and endocan levels were detected using Western blot and ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms by which melatonin induces differentiation and resistance to apoptosis in response to chemical hypoxia. The significant elevation of a hypoxia marker protein successfully demonstrated (CoCl2-induced hypoxia). The chemical hypoxia environment resulted in a less differentiated phenotype and a lower apoptotic ratio in gastric cancer cells. Melatonin converted the differentiation and apoptosis resistance phenotypes in CoCl2-treated gastric cancer cells. Changes in the expression of endocan, LDH, p53, and GRP78 were observed. Melatonin-regulated differentiation and apoptosis-related genes partly reverse differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia induced by CoCl2. The study provides a new perspective on the anti-tumor effect of melatonin.
Development of anti-obesity herbal drink from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) extract and lemon (Citrus limon) juice
Abstract. Anugrahani AD, Indarto D, Pamungkasari EP, Wijayanti L, Utami F. 2025. Development of anti-obesity herbal drink from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) extract and lemon (Citrus limon) juice. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 129-136. Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a high global prevalence and higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity management comprises diet, physical exercise, and pharmacotherapy. Some obese patients have low compliance with diet and exercise therapy, while long-term use of anti-obesity drugs causes adverse side effects. Herbal drinks have also been used for obesity treatment, but their efficacy remains debatable. Herbal drink products have been developed, including butterfly pea flower extract and lemon juice, which contain flavonoids and anthocyanins that have anti-obesity activity. The purpose of this study was to create a herbal drink for obesity treatment and analyze acceptability, microbiological contamination, and nutritional and phytochemical contents. An organoleptic test assessed the acceptability of the herbal drink. Analysis of macronutrient content used proximate methods. Vitamin C and microbiological tests were performed using spectrophotometric and Total Plate Count (TPC) methods. Delphinidin and hesperidin levels were measured using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and followed by the post-hoc Mann-Whitney with p<0.05 to determine the best formula of the four formulas (F1-F4) in this study. Organoleptic test results showed that formulation F3 of the herbal drink was the most liked and acceptable by the panelists. The herbal drink (F3) contained 0.82% fat, 0.34% protein, 0.099% carbohydrate, 3,527.25 mg/100 g vitamin C, 21.66 ppm delphinidin, and 525.68 ppm hesperidin. In conclusion, herbal drink has the potential to become an alternative anti-obesity treatment. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of herbal drinks on weight loss and lipid profile improvement in obese patients.
Diversity of plants as a food supplement and medicine for livestock in cattleman communities of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Aprilia FN, Ardhyanti FAK, Paramesti H, Prabowo GAS, Safira RN, Nisyawati, Setyawan AD. 2025. Diversity of plants as a food supplement and medicine for livestock in cattleman communities of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 84-95. The Wonosobo community in Central Java, Indonesia mostly participates in agriculture and animal husbandry. Individuals engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry exhibit a significant reliance on local resources for the management of food production and animals. This study aimed to find plant diversity that serves as animal feed and supplements for cattle in Wonosobo. The investigation was conducted in October 2024 in the Kalibawang Sub-district of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia, utilizing data gathered from four villages: Dempel, Kalialang, Karangsambung, and Mergolangu. This study included direct surveys and comprehensive interviews with 126 livestock farmers to collect data. The study documented 74 plant species from 37 families utilized as animal feed. The predominant plant families were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Moraceae, encompassing several plants with considerable potential for application in feed, medicine, and animal supplements, presenting a promising perspective for the future of agriculture in Wonosobo. Of the 78 species, 15 were utilized by the inhabitants of Kalibawang Sub-district for medicinal applications, including wora-wari (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria), brotowali (Tinospora cordifolia), coconut (Cocos nucifera), papaya (Carica papaya), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), sulanjana (Pennisetum purpureum), cassava (Manihot esculenta), jenu (Derris elliptica), banana (Musa x paradisiaca), ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The highest UV index was recorded in Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Carica papaya L., with a value of 0.023. The highest indices for RFC (0.37) is Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn and IAR (Informant Agreement Ratio) (0.94) is Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam; however, the highest ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) index was associated with the diarrhea (0.66).
Exploring the ethnobotany of natural dye plants in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia through traditional knowledge, conservation, and community empowerment
Abstract. Sulton MN, Rammadhani RM, Fahimah RA, Putri RA, Permatasari RI, Saensouk S, Iskandar J, Supriyatna J, Setyawan AD. 2025. Exploring the ethnobotany of natural dye plants in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia through traditional knowledge, conservation, and community empowerment. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 155-168. The use of synthetic dyes can cause environmental and health problems. Natural dyes can be a novelty to replace synthetic dyes because they contain materials that are more environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and sustainable. This ethnobotanical research was carried out to reveal the traditional knowledge of the people in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia, regarding the use of various species of plants as a source of natural dyes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the species of plants that can produce natural colors used by the people of Kalibawang Sub-district, as well as to assess their conservation and sustainability and empower the community. The method used is an ethnographic study through in-depth interviews with informants, field observations, and documentation of plant species. The quantitative method used is recording how many people use the coloring plants and calculating the RFC. This study identifies various species of plants used as natural dyes and their utilization. A total of 53 plant species from 37 families have been identified and utilized as color producers in Kalibawang Sub-district. The most widely used plant parts are fruit (36%) and leaves (28%), the plant forms are herbs (49%) and trees (26%), the colors are red (28%) and green (15%), used to color food (49%), and drinks (42%). Most of these plants are intentionally planted (53%), but most of them are rarely used (43%), only a few are frequently used (26%), among the most important are turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (RFC 0.891) for yellow color, and pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl.) (RFC 0.633), and green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers) (RFC 0.613) for green color. The sustainability of several species needs attention because of their conservation status, namely Tectona grandis L.f. (EN), Coffea arabica L. (EN), and Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (VU). The dye extraction method usually uses water or other natural ingredients. This study shows that natural dyes have the potential to be further innovated. However, this traditional knowledge is in danger of being lost due to lifestyle changes and the lack of interest of the younger generation. Hence, it needs to increase public awareness of the potential of natural dyes as an alternative to synthetic dyes and to engage the community in this important issue.
The potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed extract and rice straw as coagulants-adsorbents for processing batik liquid waste
Abstract. Rahmani AS, Masykuri M, Setyono P. 2025. The potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed extract and rice straw as coagulants-adsorbents for processing batik liquid waste. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 116-126. One of the efforts to reduce the content of heavy metals in this batik liquid waste is by applying the process of a combination of coagulation and adsorption. This process involves the use of the coagulant of Rosella Seeds Extracts (RSE) to neutralize the charge of the heavy metal ions, making them more likely to bind to the adsorbents from rice straw biomass. The adsorption then occurs, where the neutralized heavy metal ions are physically or chemically bound to the surface of the adsorbents, effectively removing them from the liquid waste. This study aims to determine the decrease in chromium metal levels (Cr6+) in artificial batik liquid waste using this coagulation-adsorption process with biocoagulants of rosella seed extracts combined with straw rice adsorbents. K2Cr2O7 solution was used as an artificial solution for batik liquid waste. The coagulation process was repeated 3 times to determine the optimum RSE biocoagulant, both doses, pH, and contact time. The first coagulation was carried out by mixing biocoagulant RSE into a 10 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution. The coagulation process was carried out in the same way at pH 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 using the optimal dose of biocoagulant. The result showed that the optimum dose of biocoagulant RSE was 30 × 103 ppm, with an absorbance value, and the percentage of chromium metal (Cr6+) was, respectively, 0.623 and 68.69%. Meanwhile, the optimum pH for RSE biocoagulant was at pH 2 (acid condition), with absorbance and the percentage of chromium metal (Cr6+) values being, respectively, 0.617 and 69.02%. These findings have potential applications in the field of environmental science and waste management, particularly in the development of effective and sustainable methods for treating industrial waste.
Optimizing bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) production through carrageenan-fertilizer synergy
Abstract. Anayatin AB, Pabiona MG, Cristobal JU, Tan R, Labajo JRN. 2025. Optimizing bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) production through carrageenan-fertilizer synergy. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 169-177. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of combining radiation-modified Carrageenan Plant Growth Promoter (PGP) with the Recommended Rate of Inorganic Fertilizer (RRIF) on the growth, nutrient dynamics, and yield of Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd or ampalaya). Through a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times, treatments integrating RRIF and Carrageenan PGP were tested for their impact on plant height, soil properties, nutrient content, and fruit morphology. Results revealed that *Full RRIF + 4.5L ha?¹ Carrageenan PGP* significantly enhanced fruit yield (64.50 tons ha?¹) and achieved the highest return on investment (ROI: 435.30%), underscoring its economic viability. Meanwhile, ½ RRIF + 9L ha?¹ Carrageenan PGP produced the largest fruit diameter (49.44 mm) and highest total nitrogen (2.60%) and crude protein (16.24%) content, highlighting its role in improving nutritional quality. Mid-growth plant height (29 DAT) exhibited strong correlations with fruit weight (r = 0.475), length (r = 0.482), and diameter (r = 0.647), emphasizing the critical role of vegetative vigor in later stages for optimizing fruit development. Notably, earlier flowering (26 DAT under Full RRIF) correlated negatively with fruit weight (r = -0.558) and length (r = -0.532), suggesting accelerated reproductive phases enhance resource allocation to fruit traits. Carrageenan PGP applications stabilized soil moisture (92.30-93.82%) and maintained adequate phosphorus/potassium levels while significantly boosting soil organic matter (1.48%) and nitrogen content (0.074%) in Full RRIF treatments. The stability of these soil parameters, coupled with enhanced nutrient partitioning efficiency, positions Carrageenan PGP as a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization. This study advocates for integrating Carrageenan PGP with reduced inorganic fertilizers to balance productivity, soil health, and economic returns. Future research should explore long-term impacts on soil microbial diversity, carbon sequestration, and scalability across diverse agroecological zones to refine protocols for sustainable M. charantia cultivation.
Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of essential oil fractions obtained from fresh Litsea angulata leaves
Abstract. Putri AS, Nur M, Kusuma IW, Egra S, Kuspradini H. 2025. Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of essential oil fractions obtained from fresh Litsea angulata leaves. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 96-102. Litsea angulata (Lauraceae) is widely grown in Kalimantan Island and is traditionally used as a medicinal plant. This work aimed to analyze the characteristics of the physicochemical from L. angulata oil fractions and the potency of its antibacterial activity. Litsea angulata fresh leaves were distilled, and their oil fractions were obtained by simple fractional distillation using water and steam distillation methods. The fraction of essential oil is based on the different distillation times. In this experiment, the following distillation periods were tested: 0-60 min, 60-120 min, and 120-180 min. The yield and color determined the physicochemical properties, while the chemical properties, as their compositions, were analyzed by GC-MS. The agar diffusion method was employed to assess antibacterial activity. Two kinds of synthetic standards, including chlorhexidine and chloramphenicol, were used to compare their antibacterial properties. Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were the microorganisms used in this investigation. The results showed fractions yield (range 0.09-1.66%) reached a maximum in 0-60 min, and color clearness. All oil fractions have various colors and chemical components according to their treatments. The diameter inhibition against selected bacteria (range 10.22-15.11 mm) was highest at fraction 0-60 min. This essential oil is potentially developed in the pharmaceutical industry as a natural alternative product.
Maximizing Pleurotus ostreatus yield with sustainable agricultural waste substrates in Arakan, Cotabato, Philippines
Abstract. Pedroso ML, Alagos ALC, Esgrina FJO, Habibun JF, Maun JN, Rodriguez RMM. 2025. Maximizing Pleurotus ostreatus yield with sustainable agricultural waste substrates in Arakan, Cotabato, Philippines. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 57-67. Mushroom production supports a circular economy by transforming agricultural waste into valuable food resources while enhancing local agricultural economies. This study evaluates the potential of locally available agricultural waste substrates-chopped rice straw, aged rice hull, rough sawdust, and fine sawdust-for optimizing the production of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kumm. in Arakan, Cotabato, Philippines. The effects of these substrates on key growth parameters, including mycelial growth, fruiting time, yield, and economic returns, were assessed. A Completely Randomized Design with five replicates per treatment was employed, using a substrate mixture of 89% agricultural waste, 10% molasses, and 1% lime. Statistical analysis revealed that fine sawdust facilitated faster mycelial growth and reduced fruiting time, whereas rough sawdust produced higher yields and larger mushrooms. Economic analysis indicated that rough sawdust yielded the highest return on investment at 190.21%, making it the most cost-effective substrate. These findings demonstrate the potential of agricultural waste as a sustainable substrate for oyster mushroom cultivation, promoting environmental sustainability and profitability for small-scale farmers. The study emphasizes the critical role of substrate selection in optimizing mushroom yield and provides practical insights for commercial mushroom production.
Metal concentration and environmental risk assessment of roadside soils in highly urbanized areas of Bukidnon, Philippines
Abstract. Labajo JRN, Cristobal JU, Pabiona MG, Tan RS, Gutierrez-Suson J, Ebare-Tiongco L. 2025. Metal concentration and environmental risk assessment of roadside soils in highly urbanized areas of Bukidnon, Philippines. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 68-83. Five urbanized localities in Bukidnon were selected based on population density and vehicular activities. Soil samples were collected, and metal concentration was determined using AAS, sediment quality guidelines, and the contamination index. The study assessed the metal concentration and environmental risk assessment of soil along the road from five localities in the Province of Bukidnon: It was observed that the highest total concentration for Mn (229.46±21.26), Fe (199.87±51.78), Co (38.13±16.18), Zn (32.43±19.13), Cu (18.17±4.52), Cr (17.95±1.76), and Cd (0.901±0.063) mg kg-1 respectively, Mn, exhibited the highest (lgeo), of "moderately contaminated" level. Co was the highest CF value corresponding to "moderate contamination." The Pollution Load Index (PLI) value of all sampling sites was "perfection or low pollution index." Mn has the highest EFs of "moderately severe enrichment." The Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) revealed that metals are "low risk" and "low." For a multi-element factor, there is "no potential ecological risk" for all study sites. The Toxic Risk Index (TRI) shows "no toxic risk" observed by the metal(iod)s. While Cr has the highest mHQ, with "low severity of contamination." The study underscores the need for practical measures to mitigate metal contamination in agricultural areas, recommending that policymakers, local government officials, and stakeholders develop mitigation approaches to protect the environment and public health.
Fermented black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) carcass meal as a substrate for its larva
Abstract. Riok PAH, Hariani N, Nugroho RA, Arif MF, Syafrizal, Aryani R, Manurung H, Rudianto. 2025. Fermented black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) carcass meal as a substrate for its larva. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 49-56. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758)) is an insect commonly used as an organic waste decomposer. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) has four life stages, and as an adult, it dies shortly after reproducing, which leads to it being an underutilized waste product. This study aimed to determine and compare the effects of the fermented BSF Carcass Meal (fBSFM) and Fermented Palm Kernel Meal (fPKM) as substrates on the growth rate and proximate composition of BSF Larvae (BSFL). The present research used a completely randomized design with four groups: a control group (100% fPKM) and three experimental groups with varying percentages of fBSFM (P1: 5% fBSFM, P2: 7.5% fBSFM, P3: 10% fBSFM). The results showed that substituting fBSFM at concentrations of 7.5- and 10% in fPKM increased growth rate, individual weight, biomass, and bioconversion, supporting their life cycle; the use of 15% fBSFM as BSFL substrate significantly impacted substrate reduction. The substrate reduction rate was measured at 55.18 ± 8.49%, suggesting that black soldier fly larvae can effectively reduce both fBSFM and fPKM. The different proportions of fPKM and fBSFM did not have a significant effect on the proximate values of the BSFL. Therefore, this research provides valuable insight for waste management and agriculture, suggesting that incorporating more than 5% of fermented BSF carcass meal into the substrate mixture with fPKM is advisable to enhance the growth indices of BSFL.
Mycochemical screening, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of Panaeolus cyanescens
Abstract. Galay KV, Plimaco SMY. 2025. Mycochemical screening, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of Panaeolus cyanescens. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 137-154. This study focuses on exploring the subtleties of the hallucinogenic mushroom Panaeolus cyanescens Sacc., known for its psychoactive component psilocybin. The study focuses on exploring the phytochemical, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of ethanolic extracts through rigorous procedures while considering factors such as chemical composition, physiological characteristics, possible therapeutic applications, and the broader implications of its psychoactive nature. The methods used are mycochemical screening, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and brine shrimp lethality test. The goal of the study is to determine the bioactive components in the mushroom and investigate their potential therapeutic applications, with an emphasis on their anticancer capabilities. The process entails gathering, confirming, and producing the extracts. A wide spectrum of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, and fatty acids, are shown in the results, suggesting several potential therapeutic advantages. 25 unique compounds with antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties have been identified by GC-MS analysis, offering a comprehensive understanding of their bioactivity. With an IC50 value of 91.19 ppm, the DPPH assay exhibits strong antioxidant qualities and notable concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. With an LC50 value of 26.63 ppm, cytotoxicity studies show substantial toxicity and strong anticancer effects. The study highlights P. cyanescens's varied bioactive properties, antioxidant capacity, and intriguing anticancer potential while offering crucial insights into the proper dosage and responsible usage of the plant. The findings of the present assessment provide initial scientific validation for the mushroom's historic use in long-standing cultural customs. This study catalyzes additional research and confirmation of its therapeutic value.
Diversity of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) in the Banyak Mountain Forest Area, Sragen District, Indonesia
Abstract. Nurzahra VY, Muzazzinah, Indrowati M. 2025. Diversity of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) in the Banyak Mountain Forest Area, Sragen District, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 39-48. Macroscopic fungi are high-value forest components that play an essential functional role in forest ecosystems. However, studies focusing on the diversity of macroscopic fungi in Indonesian forests are still limited and underexplored. The forest located in Banyak Mountain is one example of a forest area in Indonesia that has significant macroscopic fungal diversity. This study aims to examine the diversity of macroscopic fungi species in the Banyak Mountain Forest Area, Sragen District. The research employed an exploratory method by establishing 2×2 m plots using purposive sampling techniques and conducting descriptive analyses of the collected data. The results of the study in the Banyak Mountain Forest Area identified 33 species of macroscopic fungi from two divisions, namely Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, which are classified into four classes, six orders, twelve families, and twenty-two genera. Most macroscopic fungi found were substrate-dependent on decayed wood, with fewer species located on the soil. The environmental factors influencing their growth include air temperatures ranging from 28 to 32°C, air humidity between 67 and 80%, and soil pH levels of approximately 6.0 to 7.5, which are highly conducive to fungal proliferation. These findings provide a valuable checklist for future research on fungal distribution in tropical regions and contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation efforts.
Bird identification and conservation in Semarang Traditional Markets, Indonesia
Abstract. Nur ‘Azizah HP, Nabila I, Damayanti K, Khawarizmi IA, Sholiqin M, Indrawan M, Wahyuni T, Iskandar J, Setyawan AD. 2025. Bird identification and conservation in Semarang Traditional Markets, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 103-117. Birds are one of the wildlife species that humans widely utilize as food, pets, economic resources, and for their aesthetic value. Bird markets in Indonesia have become an integral part of people's lives, but this can also be a threat if not properly controlled. The objectives of this study were to identify bird species traded in bird markets, assess their selling prices, analyze the conservation status and endemicity of traded species, and evaluate the sustainability of bird markets. This research was conducted in three traditional markets in Central Java Province, Indonesia, i.e., (i) Banyuputih Market in Salatiga City; (ii) Pasar Pon Ambarawa in Semarang District; and (iii) Kartini Market in Semarang City, using a descriptive qualitative method with a survey and observation approach. The collected data were grouped based on several categories, such as the type of bird species, conservation status, and the location where the species was found. The results of this study showed 46 families with 136 bird species, of which 18 species are non-endemic and 118 species are endemic. Based on the conservation status, according to IUCN, several species are rare (23 species), namely endangered (9 species), vulnerable (3 species) and near threatened (11 species); as well as 13 species are included in Appendix II of CITES; and 14 species are nationally protected according to Permen LHK No.P.20/2018. Most birds come from wild hunting (106 sp.) instead of breeding (30 sp.). Two endemic bird species, including rare according to the three institutions, are Pycnonotus cyaniventris (cucak kelabu) and P. zeylanicus (cucak rawa). Suppliers and traders need to pay attention to the sustainability of the bird trade through biological conservation by providing more breeding birds. Efforts are needed to apply the principles of sustainable development that include economic, social, and environmental aspects in the bird trade in bird markets.
Morphological differentiation of Pennahia aneus (Bloch, 1793) populations from Northern Peninsular Malaysia using geometric morphometrics
Abstract. Kachi JB, Binashikhbubkr K, Naim DM. 2025. Morphological differentiation of Pennahia aneus (Bloch, 1793) populations from Northern Peninsular Malaysia using geometric morphometrics. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 30-38. The investigation of geometric morphometrics offers evidence for the adaptive traits shown by fish in response to their aquatic environment, which may be attributed to evolutionary processes. The examination of body morphometry has significant value in assessing the structure of fish populations, which is a fundamental necessity for the implementation of conservation measures and the management of fisheries in a sustainable manner. The study used geometric morphometrics to differentiate three populations of Pennahia aneus from Northern Peninsular Malaysia. A sum of 110 samples were obtained from Pulau Pinang, Kedah, and Perak states in Malaysia. Photographs of fish samples were taken, and 13 homologous landmarks were digitized using the tpsUtil and tpsDig2 software. All data were analyzed using multivariate statistical tests such as canonical variate analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Results showed significant morphological variations among the population of P. aneus with two morphological groups: Batu Maung group and Pantai Remis and Kuala Kedah group. The overall reclassification grouping for the populations of P. aneus in this study was 67.3% successful. These findings are crucial for conservation and management efforts and contribute to formulating efficient conservation policies to maintain the species populations in Northern Peninsular Malaysia, highlighting the potential impact of this research on future conservation policies. Further investigations in terms of expanding the study scope and application of molecular tools will give a holistic understanding of P. aneus population structure in Malaysia. This study represents the first to compare morphological differences in P. aneus populations from Malaysian waters using geometric morphometric analysis.
Comparing poultry manure and cow dung on Arachis hypogaea growth in savanna environment
Abstract. Mahmud AA, Abdulrahman MD. 2025. Comparing poultry manure and cow dung on Arachis hypogaea growth in Savanna environment. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 21-29. The study investigated the effects of poultry manure and cow dung on the growth of Arachis hypogaea L. (groundnut) in a controlled experimental setup at the botanical garden of Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. The experiment followed a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with two organic fertilizer as treatments; poultry manure cow dung, and a control sample with no fertilizer. Two groundnut seeds varieties; pure red and light tan mixed each separately with cow dung, and poultry manure, and were subjected to viability test before planting. Growth parameters, including the number of leaves and plant height, were measured monthly for five months. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21, and significant differences were identified with Duncan’s multiple range tests at a 5% probability level. Results indicated a significant impact of organic fertilizers on the growth parameters. The results revealed that cow dung promotes early growth while poultry manure contributes more to reproductive success and yield. The control group showed significantly lower leaf development, with an average of (43.4) leaves. The findings highlight the role of organic fertilizers in enhancing plant leaf production, as they provide essential nutrients that are often deficient in untreated soils. In terms of plant height, the light tan variety treated with cow dung achieved the greatest average height (16.53 cm), surpassing both the control (15.4 cm) and the pure red variety treated with poultry manure (13.45 cm). Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of using organic fertilizers like poultry manure and cow dung to improve groundnut growth, reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers, and enhance soil health. These organic amendments are beneficial for sustainable agricultural practices, contributing to improved crop yield and environmental sustainability.
Morphological and flowering phenology characterization of wild Begonia (B. hooveriana and B. hijauvenia) collected at Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia
Abstract. Agustiani A, Garvita RV, Siregar HM, Windarsih G. 2025. Morphological and flowering phenology characterization of wild Begonia (B. hooveriana and B. hijauvenia) collected at Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 1-10. Begonia hooveriana and B. hijauvenia are known for their varied morphology. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of three Begonia accessions and determine their flowering phenology and pollen viability B. hooveriana with green and red color and B. hijauvenia. The Begonia were compared to characterize the plants, stomata on the underside of the leaves were examined, flowering phenology was observed daily during the flowering phase, and pollen viability was observed at the anthesis and post-anthesis phases. Data were recorded and analyzed descriptively. Based on morphological characterization data, the only morphology that distinguishes the two accessions of B. hooveriana is the color. The most prominent difference between B. hijauvenia and the previous two comparators is the type of plant. Accession B. hooveriana has anisocytic stomata, while B. hijauvenia has parasitic stomata. Based on the results of flowering phenology, the two accessions of B. hooveriana have a flowering period of 10-21 days, and B. hijauvenia has a flowering period of 17 days. The highest percentage of pollen viability in both flowering phases was found in B. hooveriana red (anthesis: 96.60±4.08%, post-anthesis:96.30±4.46%). The varied morphological characteristics of these three plants can be used as a basis for plant breeding programs.
Potential of a mixed extract of ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and black cumin as an immunostimulatory candidate
Abstract. Zilhaya U, Sari W, Syifa SB, Chusna SA, Rosnizar. 2025. Potential of a mixed extract of ginger, lemongrass, turmeric and black cumin as an immunostimulatory candidate. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 11-20. Many Indonesian herbal plants show potential as immunostimulants, capable of enhancing the immune system’s activity. Some synthetic immunomodulators are known to cause side effects, and create demand for safer and be more effective alternatives. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and black cumin (Nigella sativa) are four plants recognized for their potential as immunostimulants. These plants contain metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, which can enhance immune activity. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of mixed extracts from these plants as immunostimulants, particularly in boosting immune responses weakened by pathogens. The research employed a completely randomized design, utilizing phytochemical tests, in vitro assays, and in vivo evaluations against Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated increased activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophages following treatment with extract solutions at various doses. In vitro tests with 100 ppm and 1000 ppm concentrations, as well as in vivo tests at 650 mg/kg body weight, significantly improved macrophage phagocytic activity and capacity. The mixed extract effectively enhanced the immune system.
Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peels in different drying processes
Abstract. Abal KET, Choresca Jr. CH, Fagutao FF, Anuevo G, Apines-Amar MJS, Catienza FA, Pedroso FL. 2024. Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) peels in different drying processes. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 292-296. Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is abundantly grown in the Philippines and is primarily utilized for its juice, resulting in peels as a waste product. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drying techniques (sun-drying, dehydration, and oven-drying) on the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of calamansi peels. The dried samples were analyzed for nutritional content such as protein, fiber, fat, ash, carbohydrates, and moisture. Antioxidant properties were also measured through a DPPH scavenging activity assay, including total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The results showed that Calamansi Dehydrated (CDD) had a significantly higher protein and fiber content than oven-dried and sundried, and calamansi oven-dried (COD) peels had the highest carbohydrate, fat, moisture, and ash content. Calamansi Sundried (CSD) has a significantly highest value of 21.04±2.44% scavenging activity, followed by CDD (20.79±5.43% scavenging activity), and then COD (8.91±1.89% scavenging activity) in DPPH assay. For Total Phenolic Content (TPC), CDD has a significantly higher value of 192.6±21.99 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) L-1 dry sample, followed by CSD and COD, with 145.7±6.54 mg GAE L-1 dry sample and 70.7±8.87 mg GAE L-1 dry sample, respectively. CSD had the highest value in Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 163.3±1.90 mg catechin equivalent (CE L-1 dry sample ) mg catechin Equivalent (CE) L-1 dry sample, followed by COD (121.0±6.87 mg CE L-1 sample), and CDD (41.9±6.25 mg CE L-1 sample. The findings suggest sun-drying and dehydration as drying techniques resulted in higher antioxidant properties and economic viability.
Imidacloprid degradation by potential soil bacteria isolated from rice fields in Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Hermawan MA, Pangastuti A, Setyaningsih R. 2024. Imidacloprid degradation by potential soil bacteria isolated from rice fields in Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 284-291. Imidacloprid a widely used pesticide is known for its polar nature, resistance to evaporation, and persistence in soil. When concentrations exceed environmental thresholds, imidacloprid can act as a pollutant, disrupting ecosystems, altering soil pH, and decreasing soil fertility. This study aimed to isolate and identify soil bacteria from rice fields capable of degrading imidacloprid and to highlight their potential role in bioremediation. Isolated bacteria are identified based on morphological characteristics, their ability to degrade imidacloprid and through molecular tests using 16S rRNA. Four bacterial colonies were obtained from the isolation results with different morphological variations. The degradation test results showed that the isolates were able to grow in media containing imidacloprid and were able to reduce imidacloprid by 26.66-31.75%. Based on 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate IT1 was identified as Enterobacterales, IT2 was identified as the Enterobacteriaceae, IT3 as Pectobacterium aroidearum strain CCRMPA670, and IT4 was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis strain FDAARGOS_791.
Effect of dietary atung seed flour (Parinarium glaberrimum) on small intestine characteristics of broiler chickens
Abstract. Sangadji I, Hehanussa SCH, Kunda RM. 2024. Effect of dietary atung seed flour (Parinarium glaberrimum) on small intestine characteristics of broiler chickens. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 277-283. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding atung (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk.) seed meal on intestinal microflora, pH, and micro-morphology in broiler chickens. A total of 168-day-old male New Lohmann broiler chickens were randomly assigned to six treatment groups with four replicates and seven birds in each replicate pen. The dietary treatments consisted of feeding the same corn-soybean meal basal diet with atung seed meal inclusions at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%, respectively. Basal diet inclusion with 50 ppm of tetracycline was also used as a positive control treatment. The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA in a completely randomized design, a robust methodology, and continued subsequently with Duncan's test for data with significant differences. Results showed that the number of lactic acid bacteria, duodenal and ileal villus height, villus width, and villus height to crypt depth ratio was increased (p<0.05) with the inclusion of 0.5-1.0% atung seed meal. Coliform numbers and intestinal pH were decreased (p<0.01) with 1.0% atung seed meal inclusion. With respect to the results of some response variables of intestinal pH and micro-morphology, additions of atung seed meal showed better results than the addition of 50 ppm tetracycline. It can be concluded that atung seed can be recommended as a green feed additive for replacing antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry diet based on the ability to improve gut microflora and micro-morphology.
Biological features of Spodoptera litura fed on three vegetable host plants under controlled laboratory conditions
Abstract. Melanie M, Hermawan W, Kasmara H, Yunitasari F, Panatarani C, Joni IM. 2024. Biological features of Spodoptera litura fed on three vegetable host plants under controlled laboratory conditions. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 297-303. Mass-rearing insects is necessary for biological control research, supporting the insect populations for effective in-vitro bioassay evaluations. The success of mass culture depends on the quality of insect feeding and environmental conditions. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) larvae are notorious as major pests in horticultural crops. This study investigates the feeding preferences and developmental outcomes of S. litura larvae when fed on 3 different host plants (water spinach, spinach, and cabbage) with distinct nutritional compositions. The larvae were reared in a controlled insect-rearing cabinet, with parameters observed host-plant nutrition, total consumption, larval weight gain, and developmental duration from larvae to imago. The experimental design employed a completely randomized design with 3 host plants and 9 replications, analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan's multiple-range test. Results indicate that 4th-5th instar larvae showed highly consumed water spinach leaves compared to early larvae, which significantly preferred cabbage leaves. Larvae fed on water spinach leaves achieved the highest average weights for larvae, pupae, and imago, along with accelerated developmental times. However, no significant differences were observed in weight gain or developmental duration to imago among all feeding treatments. In conclusion, water spinach is an appropriate host plant for the controlled mass rearing of S. litura.