International Journal of Tropical Drylands
Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with physical, biological, and cultural aspects of dryland ecology, especially from tropical area, include human ecology on drylands, climate change, diversity and conservation, environmental management, land use, habitat degradation and rehabilitation, geomorphological and hydrological processes, as well as soil chemistry, biology, physics, and other edaphic aspects. Scopus (Q4)
GIS-based land suitability and core-plasma partnership for sustainable cattle farming in South Lembor, Indonesia
Abstract. Wulakada HH, Nalle AA, Pramatana F, Keon YF. 2025. GIS-based land suitability and core-plasma partnership for sustainable cattle farming in South Lembor, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 135-147. Domestic beef production in Indonesia currently only meets about 45% of the total demand. In West Manggarai District, East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia, South Lembor Sub-district is designated to produce beef to anticipate the growing demand from tourism in the nearby Labuan Bajo. This study aims to explore the potential of cattle livestock development through land suitability analysis and partnership model design for beef cattle farming in the South Lembor. This research integrated GIS-based method (a systematic approach to analyze spatial data using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to solve problems and gain insights from geographic patterns) and focus group discussion to capture stakeholders’ perspective. The findings propose a core-plasma partnership entity as a model for design development, with Benteng Dewa Village in South Lembor Sub-district, identified as a focal point for advancing the livestock sector. The spatial analysis delineates the core zone 943.94 ha for grazing pasture, 459.59 ha for forage plantation, and the plasma zone of 276.29 ha, and optimizes the buffer zone in other villages within South Lembor Sub-district (1,528.66 ha) to support activities in the core zone. This study suggests in the introduction of a core–plasma partnership model in East Nusa Tenggara which connects core companies with local farmers to ensure technology transfer, financial access, and sustainable market integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Tropical Drylands
Managing transboundary banana blood disease through a resilience-based biosecurity framework in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Abstract. Nampa IW, Mudita IW, Widinugraheni S. 2025. Managing transboundary banana blood disease through a resilience-based biosecurity framework in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 120-134. Banana Blood Disease (BBD), caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis has become a critical threat to banana production in Indonesia’s dryland archipelago of East Nusa Tenggara (ENT). The fragile socio-ecological systems in this region exacerbate the impacts of biological invasions, necessitating a paradigm shift in biosecurity. This study, a comprehensive effort that combined field surveys, stakeholder interviews, PCR-based pathogen detection, statistical analysis, and policy assessment, was conducted to identify the drivers of management failure and propose an alternative framework. These findings showed that the nationally mandated Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, which is reactive and focused on post-incursion responses, was unable to contain the rapid spread of this transboundary pathogen. The result has been catastrophic yield reductions of up to 65% and estimated annual economic losses exceeding IDR 4.61 trillion, alongside severe impacts on household food security, livestock systems, and rural livelihoods. Critical weaknesses were identified in Indonesia’s biosecurity governance, including fragmented policies, weak coordination across sectors, insufficient early surveillance, and the absence of effective controls on the movement of infected planting material. To address these systemic gaps, this study advocated for a paradigm shift toward a resilience-based biosecurity framework that is polycentric, adaptive, and multi-scalar. The proposed framework integrates pre-border, border, and post-border measures, empowers community-led surveillance and response, and strengthens linkages between local practices and national regulatory systems. By embedding socio-ecological resilience into crop protection governance, the framework offers a pathway to safeguard banana biodiversity, protect smallholder livelihoods, and promote sustainable agriculture across ENT’s vulnerable drylands.
Ethnobotanical knowledge of edible plants in a karst landscape of Gawang Hamlet, Ketro Village, Pacitan District, Indonesia
Abstract. Safitri RN, Hanum U, Pratiwi VMR, Hermawan WG, Nurcahyati M, Budiharta S, Setyawan AD. 2025. Ethnobotanical knowledge of edible plants in a karst landscape of Gawang Hamlet, Ketro Village, Pacitan District, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 85-97. Karst ecosystems pose significant agricultural challenges due to shallow soils, poor water retention, and rugged terrain; however, local communities have developed adaptive food systems rooted in traditional knowledge. This ethnobotanical study documented the diversity and utilization of edible plants in Gawang Hamlet, Ketro Village, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia, and assessed their cultural significance using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) index. Data were collected from 60 informants through structured questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. A total of 65 edible plant species from 36 families were recorded, dominated by vegetables (47.0%), spices (24.2%), fruits (21.2%), and staple foods (7.6%). The most frequently cited species were Manihot esculenta (RFC=0.95), Curcuma longa, and Arachis hypogaea. Fruits and leaves were the most utilized parts, and shrubs and herbs dominated the growth forms. Quantitative analysis was conducted using the RFC index, and patterns of species multifunctionality were visualized through a heatmap and a Venn diagram to highlight overlapping use categories. The high species diversity and multifunctionality reflect local ecological adaptation and are closely tied to socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, and occupation. Importantly, home gardens were found to function as hubs of subsistence, biodiversity conservation, and intergenerational knowledge transfer, underscoring their crucial role in the community. These findings highlight the critical role of traditional agroecosystems in ensuring food security and sustaining cultural and ecological resilience in karst environments.
Diversity and traditional knowledge of wild edible plants in the karst ecosystems of Paranggupito, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Rarasti KA, Astuti AR, Putra CDH, Damayanti K, Amar, Saensouk S, Setyawan AD. 2025. Diversity and traditional knowledge of wild edible plants in the karst ecosystems of Paranggupito, Central Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 74-84. Although often considered ecologically marginal due to rocky terrain and limited water availability, karst ecosystems harbor rich traditional knowledge. Communities in such environments frequently rely on Wild Edible Plants (WEP) to support daily subsistence and health. This study documents the diversity and traditional knowledge of WEP in three villages—Songbledeg, Paranggupito, and Gunturharjo—in the karst region of Paranggupito, Central Java, Indonesia. Using semi-structured interviews with 135 informants and participatory field observation, we identified 44 WEP species belonging to 30 botanical families. Each species was classified by part used, preparation method, and habitat. Ethnobotanical indices, including Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), were calculated. Leafy vegetables dominated the list, with Amaranthus hybridus, Musa paradisiaca, and Alpinia galanga showing the highest Use Values (UV), reflecting their broad use and cultural importance. High ICF values for processed food and medicinal categories indicate strong cultural agreement. Species were found across home gardens, rice fields, forest edges, and karst slopes, reflecting deep ecological knowledge. Sociodemographic analysis revealed that women and elders, as key knowledge holders, play a crucial role in preserving this knowledge. The findings underscore the importance of WEP for food security, cultural resilience, and biocultural conservation in vulnerable agroecosystems. Policy integration and youth engagement are essential to sustain this knowledge in the face of modernization and environmental change.
Modelling drought-tolerant Sorghum bicolor distributions in Eastern Indonesia using machine learning approaches
Abstract. Utomo SW, Wibowo AA, Lestari F. 2025. Modelling drought-tolerant Sorghum bicolor distributions in Eastern Indonesia using machine learning approaches. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 99-110. Tropical arid ecosystems require alternative species that are drought-tolerant. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench has been considered an alternative, drought-tolerant species. Despite its resistance to drought, information on the potential distribution of sorghum is very limited. This information is very important, especially in arid eastern Indonesia, where sorghum is nominated as an alternative species to sustain food security. This study aims to model the potential distribution of S. bicolor using machine learning (random forest), geoclimate (Bioclim), and statistical methods (GAM/GLM) on five arid islands, including Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores, and the Timor Islands, Indonesia. Area Under Curve (AUC) was used to evaluate model performance. In general, all the models confirm that Timor, followed by Sumbawa and the Flores Islands, have large, suitable areas for sorghum. It is estimated that up to 99.71% of arid island ecosystems in eastern Indonesia are suitable for sorghum. The geoclimate and machine learning models generated the highest values for AUC in comparison to statistical methods in which the Domain model is 0.962, SVM is 0.903, and both GLM and GAM are 0.894. It is important for plant cultivation planning to consider species distribution modeling and not rely on any single modeling method. The plant cultivation should evaluate the performance of all available models for their crops and area of interest, and select the best representative methods to develop an accurate and representative sorghum crop distribution model.
Mapping hotspots of human-wildlife conflict involving porcupines, long-tailed macaques, and humans in the Karst Region of Wonogiri, Indonesia
Abstract. Ainindya DG, Rahmadana MI, Meilani F, Gestan DA, Deristani A, Setyawan AD. 2025. Mapping hotspots of human-wildlife conflict involving porcupines, long-tailed macaques, and humans in the Karst Region of Wonogiri, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 65-73. The Wonogiri Karst Area in Indonesia is dominated by forests/shrubs that provide space for wildlife to thrive. However, the presence of species such as Javan porcupines (Hystrix javanica) and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) can lead to conflicts with humans. This study aims to map conflict-prone areas between humans and wildlife by utilizing buffer tools in spatial analysis to gain a deeper understanding of these conflicts and develop sustainable solutions in Songbledeg, Paranggupito, and Gunturharjo Villages, located in Paranggupito Sub-district, Wonogiri District, Central Java. The research was conducted in October 2024. The methodology used includes buffer analysis using ArcGIS software. Data collection points are obtained through field surveys supported by the Avenza Map application, interviews, and equipped with spatial data. The results indicate that human wildlife, such as Java porcupines and long-tailed macaques, conflicts in the three villages occur near water sources such as rivers and coastal areas. In Gunturharjo and Songbledeg, conflicts were found in areas with elevations of 300-600 meters above sea level (masl), particularly in rice fields and drylands. Meanwhile, in Paranggupito, conflicts occurred not only at the same elevation range but also in residential areas. These conflicts highlight the need for the involvement of all stakeholders to mitigate the factors contributing to conflicts between porcupines, macaques, and humans. Efforts to reduce the occurrence of such conflicts include law enforcement and monitoring through joint patrols in the affected areas.
Vegetation structure and carbon sequestration potential in the tropical karst forest of Gunung Sewu, Indonesia
Abstract. Putri NRA, Setyawan AD, Kusumaningrum L. 2025. Vegetation structure and carbon sequestration potential in the tropical karst forest of Gunung Sewu, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 50-63. Karst ecosystems are ecologically fragile yet provide critical services, including biodiversity support, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. However, restoration in these environments remains complex due to thin soils, seasonal drought, and limited rooting volume. This study assesses vegetation structure, aboveground biomass (AGB), and carbon sequestration potential in the reforested karst landscape of the Paliyan Wildlife Reserve, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A systematic inventory was conducted across 100 plots stratified by tree and pole size classes, encompassing 1,180 woody individuals from 19 species. Biomass was estimated using both species-specific and general allometric equations. Results reveal a total AGB of 136.77 Mg ha-¹, corresponding to 64.28 Mg C ha-¹ or 235.88 Mg CO? ha-¹. Biomass was disproportionately stored in the tree stratum (78.23%) and overwhelmingly dominated by non-native species—particularly Tectona grandis, Delonix regia, and Senna siamea—which together accounted for over 70% of total carbon stock. Although restoration has successfully increased canopy cover and carbon storage, vertical stratification and native species richness remain low. Native taxa such as Dalbergia latifolia and Casuarina equisetifolia made minor but ecologically important contributions. These findings emphasize the ecological trade-offs of relying on fast-growing exotics, which, while effective for rapid biomass gain, may compromise long-term ecosystem resilience. The study advocates for a shift toward structurally diverse, native-enriched restoration strategies in tropical karst forests, aligned with biodiversity goals and climate mitigation targets under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, REDD+, and national policy frameworks. This research provides a critical empirical foundation for balancing carbon-oriented and biodiversity-conscious reforestation in vulnerable karst systems.
Traditional foodways and conservation beliefs among Javanese communities in the Paranggupito Karst, Indonesia
Abstract. Candraningtyas CF, Charsyah C, Setyasih DMD, Mardianto MB, Chairunisa S, Md Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2025. Traditional foodways and conservation beliefs among Javanese communities in the Paranggupito Karst, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 36-49. This study explores the interconnections between food traditions, ritual practices, and biodiversity conservation among Javanese communities living in the karst landscape of Paranggupito, Central Java, Indonesia. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in three villages—Songbledeg, Gudangharjo, and Gunturharjo—the research documents the use of plant and animal species in both daily diets and ceremonial contexts. It highlights how traditional foods such as tumpeng, urap, tiwul, and nagasari require specific species that are cultivated, preserved, and protected across generations. Ritual events—including mitoni, nembung, rasulan, and commemorations of the deceased—emerge as cultural drivers of biodiversity conservation, reinforcing the need to maintain agroecological diversity. Moreover, the study reveals how sacred beliefs and taboos, such as the protection of white Java porcupines (Hystrix javanica) and Danyangan trees (Ficus spp.), shape informal yet potent conservation ethics. These beliefs, deeply rooted in spirituality and upheld by social norms, significantly contribute to the sustainability of species and landscapes without the need for external regulation. The findings underscore the invaluable role of integrating indigenous knowledge and cultural practices into modern conservation frameworks, particularly in ecologically fragile regions such as karst areas. By viewing food and ritual as conduits of ecological stewardship, the study presents a compelling model of biocultural resilience where cultural identity and environmental sustainability are mutually reinforcing.
Traditional knowledge and utilization of non-medicinal plants in homegardens of a tropical karst landscape in Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Reza AD, Firdausi E, Kusuma LA, Sabrina MA, Fadhillah EN, Md Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2025. Traditional knowledge and utilization of non-medicinal plants in homegardens of a tropical karst landscape in Central Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 20-35. Homegardens in tropical karst landscapes of Central Java, Indonesia represent vital biocultural systems that conserve plant biodiversity and traditional ecological knowledge while supporting rural livelihoods. This study documents the diversity, uses, and cultural significance of 143 non-medicinal plants across homegardens in Johunut, Paranggupito, and Gudangharjo Villages of Paranggupito Sub-district, Wonogiri District, Central Java. Through interviews with 100 respondents and field observations, plants were categorized into five functional groups: food (45.6%), ornamental (34.7%), spice (12.2%), fodder (8.8%), and other uses (6.8%). Use Value (UV) analysis identified Mangifera indica, Carica papaya, and Zingiber officinale as culturally keystone species. The predominance of trees (39.5%) and utilization of fruits (37.4%) and leaves (15.6%) demonstrate adaptive strategies to karst-specific constraints like shallow soils and seasonal droughts. Inter-village comparisons revealed localized variations, with Paranggupito emphasizing spice plants (e.g., Capsicum annuum UV=0.4) and Gudangharjo prioritizing fodder species, reflecting ecological and cultural adaptations. Notably, 26.5% of species served multiple purposes, exemplified by Cocos nucifera (food, construction, rituals) and Musa acuminata (food, fodder, ceremonial use). The study highlights homegardens as dynamic, multifunctional landscapes where biodiversity conservation intersects with cultural preservation. However, knowledge concentration among elders (51-60 years age group) signals erosion risks. We emphasize the urgency of intergenerational knowledge transfer and community-based conservation to sustain these resilient agroecosystems amidst socioeconomic and environmental changes in fragile karst regions.
Agronomic and economic factors influence the productive performance of Cenchrus ciliaris under different types of organic fertilizers
Abstract. Lugundi HS, Maleko DD, Kizima JB, Nziku ZC, French P, Lugeye S, Selemani IS. 2025. Agronomic and economic factors influence the productive performance of Cenchrus ciliaris under different types of organic fertilizers. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 111-119. Cenchrus ciliaris L. (buffel grass) is among the essential tropical forage grasses, characterized by its high forage yield, nutritive value, grazing, drought, and fire resistance. However, nutrient deficiency in tropical sand soils is known to limit forage and seed yield, as well as the quality of C. ciliaris. A study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic and economic factors affecting C. ciliaris, focusing on seed yield and quality, forage hay yield, and its composition under different types of organic fertilizers during the rainy season. The results revealed that all fertilizer types significantly influenced seed yield, seed quality, hay biomass, and chemical composition over unfertilized plots; in comparison with other types of fertilizer, green fertilizer was found to increase crude protein content from 6.99 to 7.96% and decrease crude fiber and acid detergent fiber in harvested hay, respectively, from 32.98 to 31.7% and from 40.76 to 38.35%. On the other hand, the composted cow manure yielded the highest seed yield of 70 kg ha?¹ and had the highest germination percentage (29%). The application of compost cow manure also increased economic return by 0.7 times. Therefore, the application of composted cow manure on C. ciliaris under sandy soil in a tropical sub-humid climate is the best management practice for enhancing the performance of grass pasture seeds.
Local knowledge of environmental management of karst area in Ketro Village, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Ramadhani DD, Setyaputri AF, Almadani AR, Sholichah DM, Dianti, Hanum U, Setyawan AD. 2025. Local knowledge of environmental management of karst area in Ketro Village, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 10-19. Karst areas are unique and complex landscapes formed by the natural dissolution of limestone, creating unique environmental conditions, and are home to the karst area in Ketro Village, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia. This area, with its high ecological and aesthetic values, including biodiversity and ecotourism potential. However, behind the beauty is a close relationship between the local community and the karst environment that has developed over many years. This study aims to determine the knowledge of the karst area community of Ketro Village, Kebonagung Sub-district, Pacitan District, East Java Province, Indonesia, on environmental management in accordance with the traditions prevailing in the community for generations. This research was conducted using survey and interview methods in Ketro Village community related to karst area management in Ketro Village using purposive sampling techniques in determining respondents. Based on the results of the data analysis obtained, this research shows that the management of karst areas in Ketro Village still uses hereditary habits, and the community has the principle that every house has empty land for planting crops.
Traditional knowledge of karst land management in Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Farikha KN, Arlysia V, Raharjo YAA, Santika YE, Deristani A, Setyawan AD. 2025. Traditional knowledge of karst land management in Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 1-9. Karst is a landscape formed from the dissolution of rocks, particularly limestone, that are easily soluble in water. With the development of appropriate land management strategies, the karst area can be utilized as a productive and sustainable agricultural region. This research aims to understand how the community manages karst land by utilizing traditional knowledge in the villages of Songbledeg, Ketos, and Paranggupito of Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia. The research employed qualitative method with data collection used interviews and field observations. Interviews was conducted using accidental sampling techniques, with questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents from the three research areas. The data was then analyzed using descriptively. The results show that most of the land is used to meet food and economic needs in the form of dry field (tegalan), rain-fed rice field (sawah tadah hujan), forest garden (kebon), homegarden (pekarangan), and vacant land. On rain-fed rice field that relies on rainwater, organic fertilizer is applied approximately two months before planting, continued with direct planting using rice seeds and the application of limestone to suppress insect pests. Since land productivity is highly dependent on rainfall, planting is typically done once a year or when the rainy season begins. To sustain their need, the farmers also plant drought-resistant crops such as peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), chili (Capsicum frutescens), and turmeric (Curcuma longa), as well as woody plants such as petai (Parkia speciosa), teak (Tectona grandis), etc. The local wisdom of Gesik Deso was conducted for clearing agricultural land at the end of dry season before rice planting. Additionally, any unused land is also utilized by the community for livestock, including cattle, goats, chickens, and ducks.
Short Communication: Diversity of fauna and local wisdom of Somopuro Cave, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Sholiqin M, Mahendra AS, Waskito DN, Fathoni MFM, Maheswara VD, Indrawan M, Junaedi E, Setyawan AD. 2024. Short Communication: Diversity of fauna and local wisdom of Somopuro Cave, Pacitan District, East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 114-125. Karst is an area that has a remarkable landscape and hydrological pattern that is formed from a combination of rock properties that have a high level of solubility and well-developed secondary porosity. This research aims to determine the diversity of fauna and local wisdom in the Somopuro Cave karst area, Pacitan, East Java, Indonesia. The sampling was conducted in December 2023. The method used was direct observation and interviews regarding animals and the local wisdom of the local people. The fauna sampling technique and local wisdom are combining hand collection with trap method, direct count and in-depth interviews with Somopuro Cave sources. Data analysis used the formulas for the Shannon Wiener diversity, Evenness Index, Dominance Index, Species Richness Index, and local wisdom analysis through interviews with residents. The animal species obtained includes Actinopterygii (Barbodes binotatus, Poecilia reticulata, Barbonymus gonionotus, and Channa striata), mammals (Eonycteris spelaea), crustacea (Cardisoma carnifex and Penaeus merguiensis), arthropods (Limnogonus fossarum, Phrynus exsul, and Diestrammena heinrichi), Amphibians (Fejervarya cancrivora), and Mollusca (Faunus ater). The calculation results obtained a Diversity Index value of 1.26 in the medium diversity category, Evenness Index (0.45) in the medium evenness category, Dominance Index (0.44) in the low dominance category, and Species Richness Index (2.46) in the low species richness category. The value of fauna species diversity is still low in the community, and low dominance indicates balanced competition between fauna populations. The local wisdom found in Somopuro Cave is Tapa Mangsa which means meditating in a special month and makes the cave considered sacred and mystical. This action aims to gain peace, maintain the surrounding environment, and preserve the ecosystem so that it is not exploited or damaged by humans. The development of the modern era has made the community's analogy towards this belief decline so that currently, there is a lot of use of fauna resources in the cave by the community.
Trees outside forest for Chure dry land conservation in Makawanpur District, Nepal
Abstract. Bolakhe S, Ghimire P, Paudel P, Lamichhane U. 2024. Trees outside forest for Chure dry land conservation in Makawanpur District, Nepal. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 106-113. Trees outside forest (TOF) are considered as a potential strategy to meet the needs for timber, fuel wood, fodder and fruits of growing population and crop diversification to address land management problems and ecological concerns. In this backdrop, this study attempts to explore the contribution of TOF to Chure dry land conservation in Hetauda Sub-metropolitan City, Nepal. Field observation, household surveys (n=123), and in-depth discussions with local key informants were conducted to extract information about TOFs. The study documented 27 species of trees outside forest. About 19 species were present per household distributed on different locations like home gardens, terrace raisers, borderlands etc. More than 80% of these trees found on farmlands were planted, and only a few were naturally retained. Fruit trees (jackfruit and mango) dominated, followed by fodder (Litsea and Ficus) and other multipurpose species. Among the naturally regenerated trees, multipurpose species were abundant (>45%) and myriad fruit species (>60%) were seen among those planted. TOFs contributed to more than 40% of annual demands for fuel wood, fodder and bedding materials, whereas timber and poles are extracted in comparatively less amount. Almost all of the respondents agreed upon the positive impacts of TOFs on crop production, greenery enhancement and adaptation against drought. More than 90% of the respondents were positive about enhancing TOF for land productivity optimization and reducing pressure on forest to conserve fragile ecosystem of Chure dry land.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Tropical Drylands
Survey of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) species of the northern coast of East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Arof AS, Barbosa FF. 2024. Survey of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) species of the northern coast of East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 83-94. The cosmopolitan order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758, is one of the major orders of hexapods and a megadiverse clade of holometabolous insects. Within this order is included, the mostly diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionoidea sensu Kawahara and Breinholt 2014). The worldwide butterfly species richness is estimated to be ~18,768 species, distributed in ~1,815 genera and seven families. This group presents well-known ecologically important species that may serve as bioindicators. They are relatively well-studied, particularly in temperate biomes, although considerable gaps in information persist in tropical areas. The study area is classified as a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome, specifically in the Eastern Java-Bali rain forests ecoregion in the Indo-Malayan realm, and is classified as a critical or endangered biome. More specifically, this area is located on the Java island, East Java province (Oriental Java), northern coast. Also, it is part of Sundaland, which is considered one of the major biodiversity hotspots. From October 2016 to August 2024, twice at a weekly, the authors employed the exploring method along with a visual encounter survey, observing, capturing, and documenting the species encountered to access the species composition. This study covers 126 species belonging to 85 genera, 41 tribes, and 17 subfamilies of five families, and this distribution in the frequency of species among families broadly reflects the global distribution of species of butterflies. This is the first field investigation to study the butterfly richness specifically on the northern coast of East Java. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna in the Indonesian archipelago. Additionally, this study contributes to future studies of the conservation of biodiversity in this key endangered region. Moreover, this study can be the first step towards future studies focusing on community ecology, population dynamics, and the use of butterflies as bioindicators in the northern coast of East Java.
Unveiling the interplay between tree stand attributes, species diversity, and biomass carbon in Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, Southeastern Bangladesh
Abstract. Rakib MH, Hossain SMS, Sadnan MWM, Chowdhury MIH. 2024. Unveiling the interplay between tree stand attributes, species diversity, and biomass carbon in Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary, Southeastern Bangladesh. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 95-105. Biodiversity plays a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem health and resilience, especially in tropical forest landscapes. This study investigates the intricate relationships between stand structure, biodiversity indices, and biomass carbon within forest ecosystems, specifically focusing on the Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS), a tropical forestland in Southeastern Bangladesh. The key structural attributes, i.e. tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area, and stand density, as well as biodiversity indices, were analyzed to understand their correlations with biomass carbon. The study exhibits the measured soil carbon levels ranging from 35.26 to 93.26 Mg C ha-1 and tree biomass carbon from approximately 131.13 to 387.23 Mg C ha-1. The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between tree height and biomass carbon (R² = 0.6517), indicating that taller trees generally store more carbon due to enhanced photosynthesis. Notably, DBH exhibited a robust correlation (R² = 0.8683), highlighting the significance of larger trees as carbon sinks. The basal area emerged as the strongest predictor of biomass carbon, with an impressive correlation (R² = 0.9119). The Shannon-Wiener and Margalef's richness indices had moderate to strong correlations with biomass carbon (R² = 0.4473 and R² = 0.5663) respectively. These results underscore the importance of maintaining diverse and structurally complex forests for effective carbon sequestration. The future study should incorporate additional ecological variables to refine models for predicting forest carbon dynamics with the vast change in tropical landscapes and inform better conservation strategies, leading to tropical biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation efforts on tropical landscapes.
Checklist of microfungi of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India
Abstract. Dubey R, Chatterjee SS, Pandey AD. 2024. Checklist of microfungi of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Intl J Trop Drylands 25: 69-82. Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary (BRT WLS) situated at the confluence of Eastern and Western Ghats, India, exhibits a unique blend of climatic and ecological conditions that support a rich and diverse biota. The present study aims to investigate its microfungal diversity and was conducted from 2014 to 2016. Fungi were collected from various substrates including plant litter, living leaves, and rhizospheric soil (rs). Identification of these fungi involved routine microscopic techniques, supplemented by advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for rare and novel fungi. The study resulted in a significant checklist of a total of 290 fungal isolates, categorized into 164 species across 114 genera. Among these, five taxa were newly discovered, including 1 new genus viz., Biligiriella S. Sengupta & Rashmi Dubey along with its type species Biligiriella indica S. Sengupta & Rashmi Dubey; and 3 other new species viz., Colemaniella biligiriensis Rashmi Dubey & S. Sengupta, Elotespora indica Rashmi Dubey & S.S. Chatterjee, Sporidesmium biligiriense Rashmi Dubey & S. Sengupta.
Ecological change detection in PT. Semen Gresik Rembang, Indonesia (limestone mining) activities between 2016 to 2022
Abstract. Hanum U, Dianti, Safitri RN, Pratiwi VMR, Hermawan WG, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2024. Ecological change detection in PT. Semen Gresik Rembang, Indonesia (limestone mining) activities between 2016 to 2022. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 59-68. Limestone mining, such as at the PT. Semen Gresik Rembang (Persero) Tbk in Rembang District, East Java Province, Indonesia, impacts long-term environmental changes. One way to minimize environmental impacts due to mining activities is through remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine the dynamics of landscape management. This study aims to assess ecological changes due to the cement industry or limestone mining activities in Rembang between 2016 to 2022, the assessment was carried out by considering the dynamics of land use-land cover (LULC), and measuring the emergence of water bodies and the dynamics of vegetation productivity. The data used includes Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite image data in 2016 and three Landsat 8 OLI/ TIRS satellite image data in 2018, 2020, and 2022 with a 30 m spatial resolution. Therefore, satellite image data is collected before image processing, including correction, band merging, and cropping. The maximum likelihood image classification technique was used to analyze the dynamics of land use, land cover, and the growth of water bodies. Changes in vegetation productivity were analyzed with NDVI. In the LULC analysis, an accuracy test has been conducted with satisfactory results of more than 0.81. In the occurrence of water bodies with LULC analysis, it is known that there is a possible occurrence of water bodies in the form of ex-mining ponds. During the vulnerable years of 2016 to 2022, it is known that the area of the water body increased by 5.26 hectares. The vegetation productivity results show that those area's productivity is improving; the increase in water body cover is associated with decreased vegetation land cover by 18.58 hectares and open land cover by 8.71 hectares. The increase in mining land coverage between 2016 and 2022 is 38.07 hectares; meanwhile, the increase in built-up land area from 2016 to 2022 also increased by 15.88 hectares. Thus, remote sensing and GIS can be used to determine the dynamics of landscape management in an area.
Evaluation of the current situation of sheep production characteristics in Nkasi District, Tanzania
Abstract. Kapongo RY, Mbaga SH. 2024. Evaluation of the current situation of sheep production characteristics in Nkasi District, Tanzania. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 44-57. This study was conducted in two divisions, Namanyere and Mkwamba of Nkasi District in the Rukwa Region, Tanzania, to assess the sheep production status of smallholder farmers. Eight wards, namely Namanyere, Mtenga, Chala, Swaila, Kipande, Sintali, Kate, and Isale, were surveyed from November 2010 to April 2011. The random sampling technique was adopted to get 20 respondents from each selected ward. Two villages from each ward were chosen randomly, whereby ten respondents were interviewed in each village. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from smallholder farmers keeping sheep and was complimented by secondary data from the district council offices. The results showed that sheep strains kept mainly by smallholder farmers were variant crosses of local strains and Red Maasai. The strains were deemed tolerant to diseases/parasites, heat, and drought and had better carcasses. Most smallholder farmers adopted an extensive grazing system during both dry and wet seasons. Breeding was uncontrolled; however, rams were selected based on their body sizes, conformation, and performance (e.g., number of lambs per ewe's lifetime, age at first lambing, and lambing intervals). Traits such as disease tolerance, drought, and heat tolerance scored higher for most strains. The average age at first lambing was 6.5 months, the lambing interval was three months, and the average number of lambs per ewe's lifetime was 14. The constraints to sheep production mostly were poor market availability, endemic diseases, and mortality of lambs. On marketing, fewer sheep were sold in the market compared to goats, and the price was 22% lower than that of goats.
Modeling climate change impacts under future CCM3 scenario on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as an drought resilient crop in tropical arid Lombok Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Wibowo AA, Meylani V. 2024. Modeling climate change impacts under future CCM3 scenario on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) as an drought resilient crop in tropical arid Lombok Island, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 35-43. The arid ecosystems and drought conditions exacerbated by climate change and rising CO2 levels necessitate the identification of alternative drought-tolerant crops. Sorghum bicolor L. has emerged as a promising option due to its resilience to drought. However, there is dearth of information regarding its future potential distribution, particularly in arid regions like Lombok Island, Indonesia, where sorghum is being considered as a viable alternative to ensure food security. This study employs Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling, incorporating environmental and bioclimatic variables, along with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) scenario reflecting doubled CO2 levels, to model the future potential distribution of S. bicolor. The model projects a total suitable habitat area of 1,875 km2, constituting 39.56% of Lombok Island’s land area. Notably, very high-suitability areas of 175 km2, and high-suitability areas of 200 km2 encompass 3.69% and 4.22% of the island’s territory, respectively, predominantly concentrated in the southern region of the island and characterized by low precipitation and high temperatures, particularly at altitudes ranging from 0 to 1,000 meters. The model's performance, evaluated using the Area Under the Curve (AUC), yields a score of 0.725, indicating a good level of accuracy. Key factors influencing sorghum distribution include annual precipitation (68.69%), isothermality (9.56%), temperature seasonality (9.56%), precipitation seasonality (8.69%), and annual mean temperature (3.47%). The CCM3 model forecasts an expansion of sorghum distribution toward the north, occupying approximately 6.25% of Lombok's total area. These findings highlight sorghum’s adaptability and resilience to future climate changes, positioning it as a valuable resource for sustainable agriculture in arid environments.
Traditional knowledge in land management and utilization of natural resources in Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Afriawan MDAA, Al-Akromi MAI, Andira MHP, Sutrisno MT, Nurwulandari M, Sugiyarto, Nazar IA, Md. Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2024. Traditional knowledge in land management and utilization of natural resources in Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 21-26. Traditional knowledge helps farmers cultivate land to be more effective and efficient. It also contributes to maintaining environmental sustainability and reducing the adverse impacts of land management activities due to hereditary teachings about protecting nature. Wonogiri District has great potential for further development, especially in the agricultural and plantation sectors. This potential provides opportunities for economic drivers and the development of a more holistic agricultural sector in the district. Therefore, this study aimed to look at how land management knowledge and the utilization of natural resources in Wonogiri District, Central Java, Indonesia. Moreover, 65 informants were selected to be interviewed to obtain information on land use and land management procedures. This research used descriptive analysis with socioeconomic percentage parameters. The results show that the people of Wonogiri benefit from natural resources in terms of socio-cultural, ecological, economic, medicinal, energy, and construction advantages. The community utilizes agricultural and plantation products to fulfill their daily lives, resulting in a complex relationship between humans and nature that creates a unique agricultural landscape. Agriculture and plantations have become part of the activities of the Wonogiri community. The application of local wisdom that the community has applied can support the management and utilization of natural resources in a sustainable manner.
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) diversity in Kedung Klurak Tourism Area, Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Umami S, Amaliyah NS, Fahlefi AR, Zumar MR, Romzalis AA, Wibisana OR, Susanto MAD. 2024. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) diversity in Kedung Klurak Tourist Area, Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 27-34. Kedung Klurak is a natural tourism area with very good environmental conditions and is naturally maintained. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the Kedung Klurak Tourism Area, Mojokerto District, East Java, Indonesia. The sampling method used in this study was the sweeping net and cruising or transect method. The research location was divided into three locations: the riverbank, pine forest, and bamboo area. The results of this study found 37 species, with a total of 593 individuals belonging to 5 families. The index value of species diversity in the Kedung Klurak Tourism Area is H = 3.313 in the high category. The highest diversity index is at the riverbank location with H = 3.313, followed by pine forest with H = 3.060, and the lowest diversity index is at the bamboo area location with H = 2.811. Several factors affecting differences in butterfly species diversity (Lepidoptera) are their location because they have different environmental conditions and are influenced by the availability of biotic and abiotic factors, food, and host plants. Abiotic factors include light intensity, temperature, and air humidity.
Biophysical land evaluation for Cavendish banana (Musa spp.) intensification in Pulivendula Tehsil, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract. Bhaskar BP, Kumar SCR, Ramanappa RV. 2024. Biophysical land evaluation for Cavendish banana (Musa spp.) intensification in Pulivendula Tehsil, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 1-13. The study is being conducted in Pulivendula, a drought-stricken area in the Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India, to protect the agroecosystems from unpredictable seasonal rainfall and soil degradation. The study includes agro-climatic data, geopedological information, and a delineation of drip irrigation zones for bananas. Rainfall data from the past 21 years shows that the region receives an average rainfall of 650 mm per year, with seasonal droughts from June to September. The productivity statistics for bananas in the region show a compound growth rate of 3.8% per year, but it is considered a marginal zone due to the mean annual rainfall of 672.15±111.55 mm. The soil map was generated with 43 soil mapping units from twenty-five soil series classified under the subgroups of Entisols (4.1% of total area), Inceptisols (35.5%), Alfisols (4.8%), and Vertisols (23.3%). Overall, the mildly to strongly alkaline soils are grouped into five depths and eight textural groups, having high to very high cation exchange capacity, low organic carbon, and mean clay of 39.64±14.25%. The study found that 35% of the area had a high risk of soil erosion due to poor soil quality. Twenty soil mapping units in the interhill basin are evaluated as suitable for bananas, whereas they are moderately suitable for soils in colluvio-alluvial plains. Thirty-five thousand hectares of land are suitable for banana production under drip irrigation with biophysical limitations of rooting depth, topography, coarse fragments, alkalinity, and organic matter.
Short Communication: Avifauna survey in Bama coastal area of Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Siddiq AM, Sulistiyowati H, Setiawan R, Wimbaningrum R, Wahono ND. 2024. Short Communication: Avifauna survey in Bama coastal area of Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 8: 14-20. Baluran National Park is an essential habitat for avifauna in the East Java region, Indonesia. We surveyed the avifauna in the Bama coastal area using the line transect method at three stations, including Kalitopo, Bekol-Bama, and Manting. During a three-day survey, we recorded 53 bird species belonging to 47 genera and 32 families. According to the IUCN Red List, there are three conservation statuses (least concern: 49 species, near threatened: one species, endangered: three species); then, based on the CITES status, there are two categories (non-appendix: 47 species, Appendix II: six species), and finally, based on national status, there are two categories (non-protected categories: 41 species, protected categories: 12 species). Based on the frequencies, 32 common and 21 rare bird species are reported in the Bama coastal area. Three of the common species are Sunda Pied Fantail (Rhipidura javanica), Cave Swiftlet (Collocalia linchi), and Oriental Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), which was found in all observation tracks. Furthermore, these surveys provide recommendations for further research related to ecological topics for several threatened bird species, such as Padda oryzivora, Pavo muticus, Acridotheres melanopterus, Gracula religiosa, A. albirostris, and Nisaetus cirrhatus.
Modeling suitable habitats of Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) to support ecotourism in karst ecosystem of Karang Bolong, Kebumen, Indonesia
Abstract. Wibowo AA, Ningrum FU. 2023. Modeling suitable habitats of Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) to support ecotourism in karst ecosystem of Karang Bolong, Kebumen, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 112-119. The karst ecosystem plays a vital role as a habitat for the Edible-nest Swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812)) (synonym: Collocalia fuciphaga) due to the availability of caves for roosting sites. Additionally, factors such as vegetation cover and drought influence the presence of A. fuciphagus in karst ecosystems. Karang Bolong in Kebumen, Indonesia is identified as a karst ecosystem inhabited by A. fuciphagus. However, there is limited information regarding potential suitable habitats for this species. This study aimed to model the potential habitat for A. fuciphagus using Species Distribution Modeling, considering vegetation cover variables represented by NDVI and drought represented by NDMI. The habitat suitability was assessed using the AUC metric, with values ranging from 0.875 to 0.968, indicating a good model fit for depicting potential habitats for the species. In Karang Bolong, the suitability of habitats was constrained by drought conditions. The model suggests suitable habitats are concentrated in caves along the Kebumen Coasts. This information is valuable for identifying areas suitable for ecotourism and providing an alternative to swiftlet nest cultivation/harvesting. Regarding ecotourism activities, birding and observing Edible-nest Swiftlets in their natural coastal habitats, featuring scenic coastal views, could be attractive options to support the tourism industry within the karst ecosystems of Karang Bolong and Kebumen.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Tropical Drylands
Review: Rangeland management in Tanzania: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects for sustainability
Abstract. Muzzo BI, Maleko DD, Thacker E, Provenza FD. 2023. Review: Rangeland management in Tanzania: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects for sustainability. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 83-102. Rangelands in Tanzania play a crucial role in supporting local livelihoods and the country's economic development. However, their long-term sustainability is threatened. This review paper identifies challenges and explores opportunities to ensure their continued sustainability. Opportunities include implementing dedicated policies and regulations, using expertise in range science, leveraging technological advancements, investment land for opening private ranches, ample bushes and shrub resources for small ruminants, and high market demand for milk and meat from ruminants. Major challenges include insufficient technology and limited technical know-how, low and erratic rains leading to dry season pasture scarcity, infectious diseases, and the spread of invasive species. Other challenges include conflicting interests from other land users that have led to the massive conversion of communal rangelands to croplands, areas to protect wildlife, and human settlements. These challenges can be addressed by policy enforcement, strengthening pastoral organizations, fostering the growth of experts in climate-adapted forage breeding, and embracing advanced technology. Active involvement of local communities in decision-making processes and facilitating rangeland restoration can ensure the sustainable management of rangelands in Tanzania. Another promising avenue is the strategic use of locally adapted livestock species to control invasive plants, complemented by governmental enforcement of a grading system for meat and establishing a price-based quality meat market. Incorporating these prospects into rangeland management strategies can enhance the ecological sustainability and resilience of rangelands while supporting local livelihoods. Future research should focus on evaluating and implementing these strategies to promote sustainable rangeland management practices in Tanzania and elsewhere with similar environment.
Forage yields and quality of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum ecotypes under varied harvest intervals in a semi-arid environment in Kenya
Abstract. Kisambo BK, Wasonga OV, Kipchirchir OK, Karuku GN, Kirwa EC. 2023. Forage yields and quality of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum ecotypes under varied harvest intervals in a semi-arid environment in Kenya. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 102-111. Livestock production in Kenya typically relies on native pastures for nutrition and efforts are ongoing to develop varieties adapted to semi-arid conditions. A field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid environment to evaluate harvest intervals’ influence on the yield and nutritional attributes of selected grass ecotypes of two native grasses used in reseeding and fodder production. The grasses included buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris Kilifi (KLF), C. ciliaris Magadi (MGD), Guinea grass Panicum maximum Isinya (ISY) and P. maximum Taveta (TVT). They were planted in a randomized-complete block design in a split-plot arrangement and maintained under rain-fed conditions. Forage harvests were performed at 3 harvest intervals i.e., 14, 28 and 84 days, simulating different utilization regimes in semi-arid Kenya. Biomass yield, forage accumulation and quality of the grasses were determined. The highest yields were obtained at 28-day harvest intervals and were 74% higher than the 14-day interval, although almost similar to the 84-day interval harvests. Forage accumulation rates varied significantly (p <0.005) between ecotypes and harvesting intervals. Crude Protein (CP) declined significantly with maturity, from a mean of 11.67% for the 14-day harvesting interval to 5.22% at the end of the season and varied among treatments. In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) increased with increasing harvest interval. However, fiber components-Nutrient Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) increased with plant age. Harvest intervals had a significant (p <0.05) influence on the yield and qualitative attributes of the grass ecotypes. C. ciliaris ecotype MGD and P. maximum ecotype TVT are viable options for further performance evaluation in semi-arid environments as efforts to develop new range fodder varieties are accelerated.
Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Tamarindus indica extracts against Fusarium oxysporum and Xanthomonas campestris
Abstract. Gitari FM, Githae EW, Kuria EK. 2023. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Tamarindus indica extracts against Fusarium oxysporum and Xanthomonas campestris. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 73-82. Plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi are a major threat to biodiversity and food security worldwide. The pathogens are difficult to control using cultural methods and have sometimes acquired resistance to conventional pesticides. This has necessitated the search for more efficient active compounds against them. One promising source of such compounds is tropical-medicinal plants such as Tamarindus indica L. This study first determined the phytochemical composition of T. indica extracts from different parts (leaves, bark, roots, and pods). Then it evaluated in-vitro the antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris) and fungi (Fusarium oxysporum). Crude extracts were obtained using different solvents (dichloromethane, methanol, and acetone). The analysis revealed the presence of nine pharmaco-active phytochemicals; methanol extracts had the highest concentrations of these phytochemicals. All extracts demonstrated inhibitory effects against F. oxysporum. However, the extracts did not show any antimicrobial effect against X. campestris. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the percentage of inhibition of F. oxysporum growth by different extracts. Generally, high growth inhibition was observed in media containing different plant extracts at 250 and 500 ppm concentrations. For acetone extracts, the highest inhibition (71.042%) was induced by root extract at a 250 ppm concentration, whereas for dichloromethane extracts, the highest inhibition (68.811%) was induced by 500 ppm of leaf extract. Methanol extracts from stem recorded the highest inhibition of 86.953% at concentrations of 125 ppm. This was followed by root extracts (75.169% inhibition) at 500 ppm. The T. indica, therefore, has great potential as a source of bio-pesticide for use in integrated pest management of F. oxysporum.
Isolation and characterization of indigenous phosphate solubilizing bacteria from calcareous soil of dry land ecosystems in Timor Tengah Selatan, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Abstract. Nur MSM, Benggu YI, Tae ASJA, Ishaq LF, Soetedjo INP. 2023. Isolation and characterization of indigenous phosphate solubilizing bacteria from calcareous soil of dry land ecosystems in Timor Tengah Selatan, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 66-72. Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) is a potential biofertilizer due to its ability to increase phosphorus (P) availability. That is important, especially in areas where P availability becomes a constraint for plant growth, such as calcareous soil in Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The study was undertaken in three ecosystems, including mamar, farm, and coastal areas in Timor Tengah Selatan, with the objective was obtaining and characterizing PSBs from these ecosystems. Five soil samples from the rhizosphere of five plants were collected from each ecosystem for PSB occurrence and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that PSB could be found in these three ecosystems observed, with the highest types of the isolate being in the coastal area ecosystem compared to mamar and farm ecosystems. PSBs were relatively low in the three ecosystems, possibly related to the soil properties. Despite the low population of PSBs obtained, 19 isolates of PSBs were found in this study. The study results provide initial information on the occurrence of PSBs in calcareous soil Timor. This study needs to be expanded to screen and identify the PSB isolates used as biofertilizers for calcareous soil in the region.
Assessment of soil health in uncontrolled grazing areas in the Administrative Post of Luro, Lautem, East Timor
Abstract. Costa DD. 2023. Assessment of soil health in uncontrolled grazing areas in the Administrative Post of Luro, Lautem, East Timor. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 46-54. Uncontrolled grazing practices have been judged as the main cause of soil degradation in grassland areas. This study was conducted to provide baseline information on soil health in uncontrolled grazing areas in the administrative post of Luro, municipality of Lautem, East Timor (Timor Leste). Furthermore, 40 soil samples were collected from eight uncontrolled grazing areas using the core method; five points sampling per each site (four in corners and one in in the center) sampling points distances were 100 to 150 m apart, and each point represented three different soil layers (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm). All soil samples were transported to the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universidade Nacional Timor Lororsae, East Timor. Samples preparation and analysis followed the procedure and guidelines of McKenzie et al. (2002) and Liu et al. (2019) for physical properties, while Soil Organic Matter (SOM) analysis used Loss-On-Ignition (LOI) adopted from Nakhli et al. (2019). In addition, all soil chemical properties were analyzed using Kjeldhal and Bray-1 method following the soil analysis guidelines of JICA (2014). The study showed that soil physical properties in the uncontrolled grazing areas in Luro are characterized by high bulk density, poor porosity, and low organic matter content. Furthermore, soil pH remains neutral in areas where uncontrolled grazing is practiced but with very low nitrogen and potassium levels. In contrast, phosphorus is very high in the Cotamuto and Lakawa but very low in the Afabubo areas. Furthermore, low literacy levels and livelihoods are key socioeconomic factors that directly influence uncontrolled grazing practices. Hence, promoting sustainable grazing methods among communities towards raising livestock for their livelihood is recommended.